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Neurobiology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

how many functional parts are there on the ear

A

3

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2
Q

name the 3 parts of the ear

A

inner outer and middle

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3
Q

what is the primary function of the outer and middle ear

A

conduction of sound to the inner ear

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4
Q

what is sound

A

pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules

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5
Q

what is the medium for sound

A

air

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6
Q

sound consists of alternating ___ and ____

A

compressions and refractions

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7
Q

what is the the speed of sound

A

340 m/s

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8
Q

sound is converted from ___energy to ____electrical

A

mechanical , electrical

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9
Q

what is the range of that humans can hear sound

A

20 hz to 20k hz

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10
Q

which range of hearing is lost during old age

A

upper range

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11
Q

which hz are humans most sensitve to

A

3k

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12
Q

what is the range of human speech

A

3khz

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13
Q

what is the outer ear made out of

A

cartilage

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14
Q

what is the name of the most obvious component of the human outer ear

A

the auricle

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15
Q

what is the main function of the auricle

A

a reflector to capture sound and to fouus it into the external auditory meatus or ear canal

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16
Q

t/f the outer ear is not uniformly effective for capturing sound from any direction

A

true w

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17
Q

where does the external auditory meatus end

A

at the tympanic membrane

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18
Q

what is another name for the ear drum

A

typanic membrane

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19
Q

which part of the ear gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum

A

the outer ear

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20
Q

which part of the ear boosts pressure of sounds in the human speech range

A

the outer ear

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21
Q

name this part of the ear: an air filled pouch extending from the pharynx

A

the middle ear

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22
Q

the middle ear is connected to the the ____ by the _____ tube

A

pharynx , eustachian tube

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23
Q

what is the name of the 3 tiny bones in the ear

A

the malleus , incus, stapes

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24
Q

what is the base of the malleus attached to

A

the tympanic membrane

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25
Q

what kind of energy is derived from sound

A

mechanical energy

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26
Q

what is another name fro the bones in the middle ear

A

the ossicles

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27
Q

what is the function of the ossicles

A

they convert air vibrations into fluid vibrations

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28
Q

what happens to the oscicles during lound noises

A

muscles stiffen the ossicles during loud noises

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29
Q

t/f sound travels from outer ear, middle ear into inner ear

A

true

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30
Q

t/f sound can go through bone to reach the inner ear

A

true

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31
Q

which is faster: conduction of sound through air or through bone

A

air

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32
Q

what are the 2 way that sound can get into the inner ear

A

conduction through bone or through air

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33
Q

t/f the chochlea is about the size of an apple

A

false , its about the size of a chickpea

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34
Q

what does the interior of the choclea contain

A

3 fluid filled tubes

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35
Q

the upper most fluid filled compartment of the inner is called?

A

the scala vestibuli

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36
Q

what is the at the base of the scala vestibuili

A

the oval window

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37
Q

what is the oval window sealed by

A

the stapes

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38
Q

what is the name of the lowermost part of the chambers in the inner ear

A

the scala tympani

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39
Q

what is the name of the middle fluid filled tube in the inner ear

A

scala media

40
Q

what is another name for the scala media

A

the choclear duct

41
Q

where is perilymph found

A

in the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani

42
Q

where is endolymph found

A

in the scala media

43
Q

t/f perilymph is high in potassium

A

false , endolypmph is high in potassium

44
Q

t/f endolymph is found in the scala tympani

A

false, its found in the scala media

45
Q

which part of the ear is used in balance

A

the semicircular canals

46
Q

what does movement i the stapes cause

A

fluid inside the choclea to move

47
Q

the oval window is where the _____ touches

A

stapes

48
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

the receptor organ in the inner ear ,containing hair cells and supporting cells

49
Q

about how many hair cells are there on each cholea

A

16000

50
Q

what are hair cells innervated by

A

30,000 afferent nerve fibers

51
Q

what is the function of hte nerve fibers in the organ of corti

A

they carry information into the brain along the 8 crainial nerve

52
Q

in the inner ear, what does sound vibrate

A

the basilar membrane

53
Q

what kind of the motion does the basilar membrane make

A

it vibrates back and forth

54
Q

t/f the the tectorial membrane moves as teh the basilar membrane vibrates

A

false, it does not move

55
Q

what are hair cells connected to

A

the tectorial membrane

56
Q

how are the hair cells connected to the tectorial membrane via what

A

stereocilia

57
Q

what happens to the stereocilia if the basilar membrane vibrates too much

A

the steriocilia come off

58
Q

do sterocilia regenerate

A

no

59
Q

when he basial membrane vibrates what happens to the sterocilia

A

they move back and forth

60
Q

how are stereocila connected to each other

A

via tip links

61
Q

what is the function of the tip links

A

they ensure that when stereocilia moves they all move

62
Q

what kind of channels do tip links up by pulling up

A

k channels

63
Q

the potassium channels that open due to movement of tip links are facing the perilymph or endolymph

A

endolymph

64
Q

t/f endolyph is k poor and n rich

A

false , n poor and k rich

65
Q

when the k channels open does k enter or leave the hair cell

A

enter

66
Q

when k enters the hair cell does depolarization or hyperpolarization occur

A

depolarization

67
Q

when depolarization occurs in a hair cells what is released

A

glutamate

68
Q

when glutamate is released from a depolarized hair cell what occurs

A

neurons are activated which signal to the brain

69
Q

t/f outer hair cells use stereocilia to sense vibrations and detect sound

A

true

70
Q

t/f both outer and inner hair cells send signals to the brain

A

false only inner hair cells do this

71
Q

how do outer hair cells send signals

A

they use electrical signals to change length in arallel with the sound signals

72
Q

what is the overall affect of outer hair cells

A

to mechanically amplify sound

73
Q

describe what the basilar membrane looks like

A

it is narrower and stiffer at the base and wider and more flexible at the apex

74
Q

do all parts of the baislar membrane vibrate at he same frequency

A

no

75
Q

what the shape of the basilar membrane give rise to

A

tonotopy

76
Q

what is the function of the superior olive

A

it circulates the location of sound

77
Q

where does crossover of information occur

A

at the superior olive

78
Q

what is the function of the inferior colliculus

A

it orients head to sound

79
Q

what are the 2 methods that calculate the location of a source of sound

A
  1. lateral superior olive

2. medial superior olive

80
Q

what is the function of the lateral superior olive

A

it detects intensity differences

81
Q

is the lateral superior olive better with low or high intensity sounds

A

high freq

82
Q

is the medial superior olive good for low or high frequency sounds

A

low

83
Q

how does the LSO calculate the interaural intensity difference

A

each LSO inhibits the other LSO . the ear hearing the louder sound wins

84
Q

what does the inferior colliculus contain

A

an auditory map of space

85
Q

what is the main function of the inferior colliculus

A

it is used orienting the head to the sources of sound

86
Q

name this part of the ear : a relay station for auditory information going to the cortex

A

the medial geniculate nucleus

87
Q

where does the primary auditory cortex send output to

A

the second auditory input

88
Q

how is each auditory area organized

A

tonotopically

89
Q

how can cortical tonotopy be changed

A

early exposure to a tone or behavior training

90
Q

in which hemisphere is the wernikes area found

A

in the left hemisphere

91
Q

any hearing loss is called

A

deafness

92
Q

how many types of hearing loss are there

A

2

93
Q

what are the 2 types of hearing loss

A

conductive and sensorineural

94
Q

describe conductive hearing loss

A

damage to the outer ear or middle ear

95
Q

damage to the outer or middle or ear is call

A

conductive hearing loss

96
Q

is a choclear implant used for conductive hearing loss

A

no

97
Q

what is sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to the inner ear , nerves or auditory parts of the brain

Neurobiology (11 decks)

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