Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurobiology > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of basal ganglia

A

they initiate movement and habit learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

coordinates and corrects ongoing movement, motor learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the function of the upper motor system

A

cell boides in brainstem or verebral cortex, initates and plans voluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the lower motor system consist of

A

cells in the spinal cord that directly contact the muscles and spical cord cell that regulate them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name the final common path for initiating movement

A

lower motor system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

skeletal muscles are made up of inidividual muscle cells called

A

muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fibers are innervated by ..

A

lower motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where are the cell bodies of flower motor neurons found

A

in the brainstem or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

motor neuron cell bodies exist in ___ of neurons that innervate similar targets

A

pools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the motor neuron ool are arranged in the spinal cord in a way that reflects the body arrange ____ to _____

A

rostrally to caudally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

first cervical segments :

A

neck flexors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sacral and lambar segments

A

feet and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

within a segment , how are pools arranged?

A

pools are aragned so that proximal muscla are represented medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how many types of motor neurons are there

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

list the types of motor neurons

A

alpha motor neurons , gamma motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of an alpha motor neuron

A

innervate the extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers that generate the force of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

is the function of a gamma motor neuron

A

innervate the muscle spindles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how many motor neurons innervate a muscle fiber

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how many fibers do motor neurons innervate

A

several

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a single alpha motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

t/f alpha motor neurons vary in the number of fibers they innervate

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

do small alpha motor neurons innervate a lot or a little amount of muscle fibers

A

a few

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

do small alpha motor fibers generate large or small forces

A

small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

do small alpha motor neurons fatigue easily

A

no , they are resistant to fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

small alpha motor units are also known as

A

slow motor units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

does a small or intermediate motor unit innervate more muscle fibers

A

intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what size force does an intermediate motor unit create

A

medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

fast fatiuge resistant motor units are also known as

A

intermediate sized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

large alpha motor neurons are also known as

A

fast fatigable motor units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the small the force a motor unit makes, the ____ its ____

A

slower, fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the neurons that are apart of the small units have the highest/lowest threshold for activation

A

lowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

__ units are used in sudden forceful movements like jumping

A

ff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

explain the size prinicple

A

during a movement, alpha motor neurons are recruited in size order , from smallest to largest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the primary role o fthe lowermotor neuron

A

to pass instructions from the upper motor neurons to the muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

are lower motor neurons capable of independently causeing behavior

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is responsible for spinal reflexes

A

lower motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what makes up the central pattern generator for walking

A

the lower motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

define a reflex

A

simple involuntary reactions in response to a stiumuls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how are spinal reflexes mediated

A

by the lower motor neurons of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the 2 spinal reflexes

A

stretch reflex and flexion reflex

41
Q

define stretch reflex

A

as a muscle is stretched , it is activated to counteract the stretch

42
Q

define flexion reflex

A

allows you to withdraw your foot from a noxius stiumuls and still remain standing

43
Q

when a muscle is stretched it will reflexively contract. what is the name of this concept?

A

the stretch reflex

44
Q

what is the main purpose of the stretch reflex

A

in ensures that your muscles stay at a certain length

45
Q

what is a homonymouse muscle

A

the main muscle that is being contracted

46
Q

what does a stimulated alpha motor neuron cause

A

the stretched muscle to contract

47
Q

when stretch activates muscle spindles what do sensory neurons do

A

they send action potentials at higher frequency to the spinal cord

48
Q

what do sensory neurons synapse with

A

directly with the alpha motor neurons that exire fibers of the stretched muscle

49
Q

do alpha motor neurons innervating an anatagonist fire more or less

A

less

50
Q

is a monosynaptic connection fast or slow

A

fast

51
Q

the stretch refles is also called___

A

the deep tendon or myotatic reflex

52
Q

list 5 places on your body where you can test the stretch reflex

A

knee, ankle, jaw m biceps m triceps

53
Q

describe the flexor reflex

A

a painful stimulus cause you to flex the affected limb

54
Q

what is the crossed extensor reflex

A

it allows to to balance after youve withdrawn a hurt limb

55
Q

during the flexor reflex what is excited and what is inhibited

A

ipsilateral flexors are excited and extensors are inhibited

56
Q

during the crossed extension reflex what is inhibited and whate is excited

A

contralateral flexors are inhibited and and extensor muscles are excited

57
Q

in both the flexor reflex and the crossed extension reflex what kind of connection to the muscles is there

A

a polysynaptic connection

58
Q

if you touch something painful do you feel the pain or move your limbs why

A

move your limbs , it takes longer for your brain to process the pain

59
Q

is brain input needed to carry out reflexes

A

no

60
Q

is brain input in reflexes excitatory or inhibitory

A

inhibitory

61
Q

descending input from the brain can ___the amount of movement

A

modulate

62
Q

during walking the -__ and ___ alternate in activity

A

extensors and flexors

63
Q

walking motion in cates is due to what

A

central pattern generators in the spinal cord that coordinate the extension and flexion of each limb

64
Q

what kind of netwoeks are central pattern generators

A

nerual netwoeks

65
Q

what do central pattern generators produce

A

rhythmic mpatterned outputs without sensory feedback

66
Q

humans with spinal cord injury can not rely on their

___ ______ __ to walk

A

central pattern generators

67
Q

motor contorl centers in the brainstem maintain what 3 things

A

balance
posture
eye gaze

68
Q

t/f in the anticipation of movmemnt muscles contract

A

true

69
Q

what 2 areas of the brain send axons to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex

70
Q

what are the main responsibilities of the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex

A

the are responsible for initiation of voluntary movmemnt and plannaing and coordinating complex movements

71
Q

the __ ____ ___ has the most direct connection s to the lower motor neurons

A

primary motor cortex

72
Q

what do axons leaving the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex form ?

A

axons leaving the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex form the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts

73
Q

where does the corticobulbar tract terminate

A

at the brainstem

74
Q

motor information from the corticobulbar tract goes to the ….

A

face

75
Q

where does the corticospinal tract terminate

A

at the spinal cord

76
Q

motor information from the corticospinal tract goes to ..

A

the body muscles

77
Q

at the base of the pons, the corticospinal tracts forms the …

A

medullary pyramids

78
Q

what occurs at the medullary pyramids

A

90% of the axons cross

79
Q

the crossing of axons at the medullary pyramids is known as

A

decussation of the pyramids

80
Q

some of the corticospinal tract axons synapse directly with what

A

alpha motor neurons in the forearm and hand

81
Q

where are the 2 targets of corticospinal tracts

A

synapse directly with alpha motor neurons / terminate among pools of local circuit neurons in the spinal cord

82
Q

where does the primary motor cortex get input from

A

the sensory and other areas of the brain

83
Q

where does the primary motor cortex output information to

A

to the lower motor neurons in layer 5

84
Q

what is the name of the largest cells in layer 5 of the primary motor cortex

A

Betz cells

85
Q

describe the axons of Betz cells

A

theyy descend and enter the spinal cord

86
Q

are there only betz cells in the spinal cord

A

no

87
Q

do Betz cells handle connections to distal or proximal extremities

A

distal

88
Q

firing of ____ ____ cells precedes and is associated with ___ ____

A

primary motor cortex, muscle contraction

89
Q

t/f stimulation of primary motor cortex can cause movements

A

true

90
Q

microstiumulation of small sites in the ___ ___ ___ can cause large and hand movement

A

primary motor cortex

91
Q

what 2 parts of the body are over represented in the primary motor cortex

A

the hands and tongue

92
Q

the primary motor cortex has similar a map to

A

the somatosensory cortex

93
Q

the premotor cortex recieves input form the other cortical areas of the brain areas relating to ___ ___ and ___

A

spatial signals and intention

94
Q

the premotor cortex connects exclusivley with the

A

the primary motor cortex

95
Q

neurons in the ___ ___ __ fire in anticipation of a movement

A

premotor cortex

96
Q

describe a mirror neuron

A

with a movment is performed and when the monkey sees someone else performing that movment

97
Q

where is the brocas area located

A

in the permotor cortex in humans

98
Q

what isthe brocas area

A

it is responsible for movements important for speech

Neurobiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions