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Neurobiology > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

changes in synaptic transmissionn is known as

A

synaptic plasticity

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2
Q

what is synaptic plasticity

A

changes in synaptic transmission

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3
Q

synaptic plasticity is a change in how well a ______ cell can fire

A

pre synaptic cell

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4
Q

synaptic plasticity is the basis for ____ and _____

A

learning and memory

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5
Q

synaptic plasticity can result from changes in

A
  1. the amount of neurotransmitter released
  2. the amount of receptor present
  3. gene expression that affect these mechanisms
  4. gene expression that affect the growth of new synapses
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6
Q

t/f plastic changes only occur for a few seconds

A

false, plastic changes can be over in miliseconds or over a lifetime

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7
Q

when measuring setup for measuring plasticity does the stimulating electrode go into the presynaptic or post synaptic neuron

A

presynaptic

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8
Q

when measuring plasticity does the recording electrode go into the pre or post synaptic electrode

A

post synaptic

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9
Q

if a presynaptic neuron is stimulated what will occur

A

if a presynaptic neuron is stimulated it will cause a psp in the post synaptic cell

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10
Q

what does the amplitude of psp tell you

A

it tells you how good the presynaptic neuron is at making the post synaptic neuron fire

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11
Q

what are the 3 steps to measuring synaptic plasticity

A
  1. measure the psp at baseline
  2. induce plasticity by giving a high frequency stimulus (tentanus)
  3. go back to baseline
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12
Q

what is tentanus

A

the delivery of a brief high frequency stimulus

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13
Q

an incident of high frequency can change the _____of a cell

A

plasticity

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14
Q

usually the magnitue of a psp is plotted relative to what

A

the baseline

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15
Q

when recording plasticity what are we measuring

A

we are measuring the synapse

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16
Q

the day your child was born or ptsd is an example of

A

high frequency stimulation

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17
Q

t/f high frequency is usually tied to negative events

A

false it can occur from negative or positive events

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18
Q

define short term plasticity

A

occur and maintains itself for at most a few minutes

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19
Q

how does short term plasticity occur

A

it results from repeated stiumulation of the same synapse

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20
Q

t/f long term synaptic plasticity can last for a few years

A

true

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21
Q

t/f all plasticity begins with immediate short term change

A

true

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22
Q

what are the 2 types of long term synaptic plasticity

A

2 : long term potentiation and long term depression

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23
Q

what does LTP mean

A

long term potentiation

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24
Q

what does LTD mean

A

long term depression

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25
Q

define LTP

A

an increase in the size of the EPSP that is sustained for at least several minutes . it strengthens the synapse since it makes the presynaptic more likely to fire

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26
Q

does LTP make a pre synaptic cell more or less likely to fire

A

more likely

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27
Q

how long does LTP last

A

for months or years

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28
Q

define LTD

A

a decrease in the size of the EPSP that is sustained for at least several minutes

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29
Q

does LTP or LTD weaken the synapse

A

LTD

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30
Q

During LTD is a cell more or less likely to fire

A

less

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31
Q

how long can LTD last

A

for months to years

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32
Q

what determines if you will have LTD or LTP

A

The pattern of presynaptic stimulation determines whether there will be long term plasticity and of what type

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33
Q

if there is a slow pattern of presynaptic stimulation (1 hz) will you have LTP or LTD

A

LTD

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34
Q

If there is a fast pattern of presynaptic stimulation (100 hz ) will you have LTD or LTP

A

LTP

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35
Q

T/F All neurons have the same ability to show LTP or LTD

A

False, different types of neurons differ in their ability to show LTP or LTD

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36
Q

t/f if you want study LTP and LTD you must choose the right area of the brain

A

true

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37
Q

name one site of LTP and LTD

A

The hippocampus

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38
Q

name the area of the brain that is involved in the formation and retrieval of episodic memory

A

hippocampus

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39
Q

what is episodic memory

A

memory of autobiographical events

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40
Q

what is the name of the main input site in the hippocampal circuit

A

perforant path

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41
Q

if there is damage to the hippocampus what will likely occur

A

what you already will not be affected, but you will not be able to make new memories

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42
Q

describe the 1st synapse in the hippocampal circuit (trisynaptic circuit)

A

synapse with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus

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43
Q

what is the name of the axons on granule cells

A

mossy fibers

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44
Q

what kind of cells are located in the ca3 region

A

pyramidal cells

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45
Q

where do mossy fibers extend to

A

the ca3 region

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46
Q

pyramidal cells in the ca3 regionn send axons to what region

A

ca1 region aka schaffer collaterals

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47
Q

schaffer collateral links what 2 regions

A

ca3 - ca1

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48
Q

if you wanted to investigate LTP what would you stimulate

A

shaffer collaterals in 2 places to have both a test and a control pathway

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49
Q

if you delivered a High frequency stimulation to pathway 1 and not to pathway 2 what would you observe

A

in pathway 1 the frequency would remain higher after the stimulation . in pathway 2 there would be no change in the synapse

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50
Q

what does HFS induce

A

LTP

51
Q

high frequency stimulation induces a long lasting increase in what

A

synaptic transmission

52
Q

define specificity

A

when something is synapse specific

53
Q

the hippocampus is what we call the _______ circuit

A

trisynaptic

54
Q

what kind of cells are in the ca3 region

A

glutamatergic excitatory pyramidal cells

55
Q

what kind of cells are in the ca1 region

A

glutamatergic excitatory pyramidal cells

56
Q

information is sent out of the hippocampus via what

A

the sabicculum

57
Q

when a recording is done in vivo what does that mean

A

on a live animal

58
Q

t/f hippocampal LTP can only last for a few months

A

false , it can last for years

59
Q

HFS simulates the ______ cell firing at a high rate

A

presynaptic cell

60
Q

why does HFS cause LTP

A

more neurotransmitters are released so receptors have to respond so the cells knows that it is important so they will strenghthen the synapse

61
Q

what is hebbs law

A

neurons that fire together , wire together

62
Q

this is an example of what law? when an axon of cell A is near enough to cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it , some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficiency as one of the cells firing B is increased

A

hebbs law

63
Q

a strong stimulation at one synapse strengthens transmission at a weak synapse , this is an example of what

A

associative concept

64
Q

if there is a high frequency stimulation at pathway 1 and inactivity at pathway 2 what will occur

A

synapse 2 will never strengthen

65
Q

if there is strong stimulation at pathway 1 and weak stimulation at pathway 2 what will occur

A

because both are occuring at the same time , it will strengthen

66
Q

high frequency stimulation induces what where

A

hfs induces ltp at the hippocampal schaffer collateral ca1 synapse

67
Q

t/f LTP is not hebbian in nature

A

false

68
Q

t/f weak synapses coincident with strong synapses will not demonstrate LTP

A

false

69
Q

what is released at the presynaptic terminal

A

glutamate

70
Q

what are the 2 kinds of receptors at the post synaptic terminal

A

AMPA and NMDA receptors

71
Q

when the pre synaptic cell releases glutamate is it depolarized or hyperpolarized

A

depolarized

72
Q

what are spines

A

excitatory synapses that are small protrusions

73
Q

where are spines found

A

they are excitatory synapses on hippocampal and cortical dendrites are often on small protrusions called spines

74
Q

if someone has fewer spines what can occur

A

mental retardation

75
Q

are AMPAR and NMDAR’s found on the pre or post synaptic cell

A

post synaptic

76
Q

if transmission rates are low and the post synaptic membrane is at rest what kind of receptors are open

A

AMPAR

77
Q

T/F at low transmission rates only NMDAR are open

A

false , only AMPAR are open

78
Q

if transmission rates are high which receptors are open

A

AMPAR and NMDAR

79
Q

when transmission rates are high is the post synaptic membrane hyperpolarized or depolarized

A

depolarized

80
Q

when NMDAR open a series of events occur which ultimately ends with ..

A

the insertion of more AMPAR into the membrane

81
Q

what physically strengthens a synapse

A

the insertion of new AMPAR

82
Q

what is the role of the NMDAR

A

without it more ampa receptors can not be inserted , essentially you can not learn

83
Q

t/f without NMDAR you can not have LTP

A

true

84
Q

what 2 things have to open in order for NMDAR’s to open

A

post synaptic depolarization and glutamate

85
Q

t/f AMPAR’s are known as coincidence detectors

A

false , NMDARs are

86
Q

what kind of receptor is known as a coincidence detector ?

A

NMDARs

87
Q

what ion calcium comes in when NMDAR’s open ?

A

calcium comes into the terminal

88
Q

what ion is crucial for LTP

A

calcium

89
Q

what is the role of calcium chlelators

A

they block LTP

90
Q

What does the injection of calcium do to a cell

A

it potentiates transmission

91
Q

influx of calcium activates what 2 things

A

activation of 2 kinases : alpha camkinase and protein kinase

92
Q

what is the name of the most abundant postsynaptic protein at the schaffer collateral synapse

A

CAmkii

93
Q

where are the only 2 places that camKii is released

A

the cortex and hippocampus

94
Q

if there is no caMkII is LTP possible

A

no

95
Q

camKii are able to stimulate their own activity via

A

autophosphorlation

96
Q

persistence of CamKII activity is due to what

A

autophosphorlationn

97
Q

what allows for the insertion of more AMPARs

A

alpha cam kinase and protein kinase

98
Q

during hippocampal LTP what receptors open first

A

NMDAR’s open first

99
Q

what ion rushes in after NMDARs open during hippocampal LTP

A

calcium

100
Q

More AMPARs = more ____

A

potentiation

101
Q

the increase of LTP is more synaptic strength or less synaptic strength?

A

more synaptic strength

102
Q

does schaffer collateral have a pre or post synaptic locus of plasticity

A

postsynaptic

103
Q

when there is ampar insertion does this result in an increase in LTP or LTD

A

LTP

104
Q

When LTP increases , this results in an increase in amplitude of _______

A

EPSP

105
Q

what is L-LTP

A

Late LTP

106
Q

If you apply protein synthesis blockers what occurs to to LTP.

A

you get LTP but it decays after several hours

107
Q

L-LTP depends on what 2 things

A

gene transcription and protein synthesis

108
Q

L-LTP leads to the growth of new ____

A

spines

109
Q

t/f cells can potentiate all the time

A

false

110
Q

the flip side of long term potentiation is known at

A

LTD

111
Q

You get LTD at the schaffer collateral synapse by using what ?

A

prolonged low frequency stimulation - 1 hz

112
Q

is LTD associated with the gain or loss of AMPARs

A

loss

113
Q

instead of kinases , LTD relies on what

A

calcium dependent phosphatases

114
Q

are phosphotase inhibitors affected by LTP

A

No, only LTD

115
Q

whether you get LTP or LTD depends on what

A

the amount of calcium influx

116
Q

if there is a large and fast influx of calcium will LTP OR LTD RESULT?

A

LTP

117
Q

If there is a small and slow influx of calcium will LTD or LTP occur

A

LTD

118
Q

During LTD are AMPARs created or taken away

A

they are taken away

119
Q

name a site of LTD

A

cerebellum

120
Q

this part of the brain is involved in motor control and responsible for several types of motor learning

A

cerebellum

121
Q

where does LTD occur in cerebellum

A

at the parallel fiber purkinje cell synapse

122
Q

LTD at the cerebellar LTD only occurs when what 2 fibers are activated at the same time

A

climbing fibers and parallel fibers

123
Q

during LTD what happens at the climbing fiber synapse

A

climbing fiber input depolarizes the dendritic membrane.

Neurobiology (11 decks)

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