Lecture 7 Flashcards
the encoding , storage and retrieval of learned information is known as
memory
what are the 2 main categories of memory
declarative & non declarative
define declarative memory
storage and retreival of information that is availiable to consciousness and can be expressed by language
define non declarative memory
not available to consciusness and difficult to exress in language
this kind of memory is also known as explicit memory
declarative memory
facts and knowledge that can be consciously recalled are known as what kind of memory
declarative memory
non declarative memory is also known as
procedural memory
declarative memory can be divided into sub categories , what are they known as
episodic memory and semantic memory
specific personal experiences are in what category of memory
episodic memory ( declarative )
the place where factual memory is stored is known as
semantic memory (declarative )
define immediate memory
the ability to hold ongoing experiences in mind for a fraction of a second
define working memory
ability to hold onto information for seconds to minutes
remembering a string of digits and repeating it back are an example of what kind of memory
working memory
how long can info stay in your long term memory
days to years
for something to enter long term memory it must first enter _____ memory and then _____ memory
immediate memory and then working memory
a condition in which memory is lost is known as
amnesia
the inability to establish new memories is known as
anterograde amnesia
difficulty retreiving memories that have already formed is known as
retrograde amnesia
what is an engram
the physical embodiment of a long term memory
what does engram depend on
long term changes in the strength of synaptic transmissions at specific neural connections and on the growth and loss of these connections
what is another name for an engram
synaptic plasticity
can rats indirectly tell us if they have certain types of memory
yes
the memory of a spatial location in a maze seems akin to what kind of memory
declarative memory
describe the morris water maze
a pool of opaque water with a hidden platform , the rat is placed in the maze. The rat learns where the pool of water is
what 2 things can you measure from the morris water maze
- how quickly the rat goes to the platform
2. probe trial by taking out the platform and meausre how long a rat spends in that quadrant of the pool
what part of a rats brain is likely missing if they fail the morris test
the hippocampus
what is the effect of blocking NMDARs on memory
it blocks memory
disrupting molecules important for LTP disrupts what
memory formation
the hippocampus as part of its declarative memory function is tuned to what
place
what are place cells
cells that fire in 1 place in one environment
the area and circuits containing the hippocampus are very important in what kind of memory
human declarative memory
the medial temporal lobe contains what part of the brain
the hippocampus
who was henry molaison
he had epilepsy his hippocampus , gyrus and amygdala were removed
what kind of memory loss did henry molasion have
retrograde amnesia for events 1-2 years prior to surgery . he had anterograde amnesia for declarative memory (could not remember info told to him longer than 15 minutes)
t/f henry molaision lived a long independent life after his surgery
no , bc of memory challenges he was a research subject the rest of his life
did henrys IQ decrease after surgery
no
were there deficits in sensory and motor abilities after surgery
no
were there deficits in reasoning , motivation or abstract thinking after Henrys surgery
no
how were the memories older than 2 years affected when Henry had surgery
they were left intact
name the 3 forms of memory that were left intact in HM
immediate, emotional and working memory
was HM able to complete a maze
yeah
the hippocampus is activated during what phase of memory
retrieval of memory
what 2 things predict memory performance
activation of the hippocampus and adjacent parahippocampal cortex predicts memory performance
if the hippocampus and adjacent parahippocampal cortex were more strongly activated when an item was presented what is likely to occur
it would be more likely to be remembered
in rats and humans id the hippocampus is destroyed what effect does it have on memory
it destroys recent memories but not old memories
recenet memories are handled by the ______
hippocampus
t/f older memories are stored in the hippocampus
false
in which area of the brain are older memories likely stored
in the cerebral cortex
electroconvulsive therapy affects what area of the brain
the cortex
electroconvulsive therapy causes what 2 forms of amnesia
retrograde and anterograde
if someone has damage to inferior temporal lobe , what will likely occur
we wont be able to remember object names
if there is damage to speech areas of the brain what will likely occur
a patient will not remember how to make fluent speech
the _____is the site for long term memory storage
cortex
______ ______ memories are distributed over the cortex
long term
remembering something recruits a network of _____ over many areas
neurons
where are memories consolidated
in the cortex
memories are moved from the ______ to the ______
hippocampus to the cortex
memory storage for _____ memory involved in many areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex , amygdala , cerebellum and basal ganglia
non declarative memory
the basal ganglia and cerebellum are involved in what 2 things
motor control and motor learning
the amygdala is invovled in what 2 things
fear and fear learning
skill learning in humans depends on the connection between what 2 regions of the brain
basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex
damage to what 2 areas of the brain will profoundly interfere with learning new motor skills
prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
give 2 examples of neurological diseases in which basal ganglia degenerate
huntingtons or parkinsons disease
patients with huntingtons are parkinsons disease cannot do ____ ______ learning
complex skill learning
acquisition of a skill depends primarily on which area of the brain
the hippocampus
expression of a habit is primarily dependent on what
the basal ganglia
for declarative memory short term memory storage is located in the ____
hippocampus
for declarative memory long term memory is in a variety of cortical sites including
the wernikes area - language
temporal cortex
what is the wernickies area associated with
meaning of words
what skills is the temporal cortex associated with
memories of faces and objects
does practice really make perfect
yes <3
_____plays a big role in memory
motivation
people who are hungry have a better memory for pictures of food items than people who are not this is an example of …
motivation playing a big role in memory
do you lose information over time
yes
is it possible to have trouble forgetting information
yes
is it possible to create false memories
yes
after people were read aloud a list of words , they were then asked to indicate if the words were read. Many of the participants falsely reported some words. This is an example of _____ _______ memory
false nondeclarative memory
t/f memories become more susceptible to distortion over time
true
when people who witness an event are told inaccurate information about it , their memories become distorted. This is an example of ___ ___
false declarative memory
t/f it is difficult to implant false memories
false , it is pretty easy
what is korsakoffs syndrome
a vitamin B1 deficiency secondary to alcoholism or severe malnutrition
korsakoffs syndrome causes degeneration to what 2 areas that connect to the hippocampus
the mammillary bodies of the hypthalamus and medial thalamus
what are 3 symptoms of the korsakoffs syndrome
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
confabulation
apathy
alzheimers disease is a ____ ____ disease
progressive neurodegenerative disease
where does alzheimers disease start
in the hippocampus
in alzheimers disease would symptoms like forgetting where you put your keys precede or come after forgetting your kids names
precede
since alzhiemers disease starts in the hippocampus , we know that it is involved in the formation of ___ (old/new) memories
new memories
t/f excessive calcium is involved in alzheimers
true
