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Neurobiology > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

the encoding , storage and retrieval of learned information is known as

A

memory

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2
Q

what are the 2 main categories of memory

A

declarative & non declarative

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3
Q

define declarative memory

A

storage and retreival of information that is availiable to consciousness and can be expressed by language

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4
Q

define non declarative memory

A

not available to consciusness and difficult to exress in language

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5
Q

this kind of memory is also known as explicit memory

A

declarative memory

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6
Q

facts and knowledge that can be consciously recalled are known as what kind of memory

A

declarative memory

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7
Q

non declarative memory is also known as

A

procedural memory

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8
Q

declarative memory can be divided into sub categories , what are they known as

A

episodic memory and semantic memory

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9
Q

specific personal experiences are in what category of memory

A

episodic memory ( declarative )

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10
Q

the place where factual memory is stored is known as

A

semantic memory (declarative )

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11
Q

define immediate memory

A

the ability to hold ongoing experiences in mind for a fraction of a second

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12
Q

define working memory

A

ability to hold onto information for seconds to minutes

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13
Q

remembering a string of digits and repeating it back are an example of what kind of memory

A

working memory

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14
Q

how long can info stay in your long term memory

A

days to years

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15
Q

for something to enter long term memory it must first enter _____ memory and then _____ memory

A

immediate memory and then working memory

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16
Q

a condition in which memory is lost is known as

A

amnesia

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17
Q

the inability to establish new memories is known as

A

anterograde amnesia

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18
Q

difficulty retreiving memories that have already formed is known as

A

retrograde amnesia

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19
Q

what is an engram

A

the physical embodiment of a long term memory

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20
Q

what does engram depend on

A

long term changes in the strength of synaptic transmissions at specific neural connections and on the growth and loss of these connections

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21
Q

what is another name for an engram

A

synaptic plasticity

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22
Q

can rats indirectly tell us if they have certain types of memory

A

yes

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23
Q

the memory of a spatial location in a maze seems akin to what kind of memory

A

declarative memory

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24
Q

describe the morris water maze

A

a pool of opaque water with a hidden platform , the rat is placed in the maze. The rat learns where the pool of water is

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25
Q

what 2 things can you measure from the morris water maze

A
  1. how quickly the rat goes to the platform

2. probe trial by taking out the platform and meausre how long a rat spends in that quadrant of the pool

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26
Q

what part of a rats brain is likely missing if they fail the morris test

A

the hippocampus

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27
Q

what is the effect of blocking NMDARs on memory

A

it blocks memory

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28
Q

disrupting molecules important for LTP disrupts what

A

memory formation

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29
Q

the hippocampus as part of its declarative memory function is tuned to what

A

place

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30
Q

what are place cells

A

cells that fire in 1 place in one environment

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31
Q

the area and circuits containing the hippocampus are very important in what kind of memory

A

human declarative memory

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32
Q

the medial temporal lobe contains what part of the brain

A

the hippocampus

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33
Q

who was henry molaison

A

he had epilepsy his hippocampus , gyrus and amygdala were removed

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34
Q

what kind of memory loss did henry molasion have

A

retrograde amnesia for events 1-2 years prior to surgery . he had anterograde amnesia for declarative memory (could not remember info told to him longer than 15 minutes)

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35
Q

t/f henry molaision lived a long independent life after his surgery

A

no , bc of memory challenges he was a research subject the rest of his life

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36
Q

did henrys IQ decrease after surgery

A

no

37
Q

were there deficits in sensory and motor abilities after surgery

A

no

38
Q

were there deficits in reasoning , motivation or abstract thinking after Henrys surgery

A

no

39
Q

how were the memories older than 2 years affected when Henry had surgery

A

they were left intact

40
Q

name the 3 forms of memory that were left intact in HM

A

immediate, emotional and working memory

41
Q

was HM able to complete a maze

A

yeah

42
Q

the hippocampus is activated during what phase of memory

A

retrieval of memory

43
Q

what 2 things predict memory performance

A

activation of the hippocampus and adjacent parahippocampal cortex predicts memory performance

44
Q

if the hippocampus and adjacent parahippocampal cortex were more strongly activated when an item was presented what is likely to occur

A

it would be more likely to be remembered

45
Q

in rats and humans id the hippocampus is destroyed what effect does it have on memory

A

it destroys recent memories but not old memories

46
Q

recenet memories are handled by the ______

A

hippocampus

47
Q

t/f older memories are stored in the hippocampus

A

false

48
Q

in which area of the brain are older memories likely stored

A

in the cerebral cortex

49
Q

electroconvulsive therapy affects what area of the brain

A

the cortex

50
Q

electroconvulsive therapy causes what 2 forms of amnesia

A

retrograde and anterograde

51
Q

if someone has damage to inferior temporal lobe , what will likely occur

A

we wont be able to remember object names

52
Q

if there is damage to speech areas of the brain what will likely occur

A

a patient will not remember how to make fluent speech

53
Q

the _____is the site for long term memory storage

A

cortex

54
Q

______ ______ memories are distributed over the cortex

A

long term

55
Q

remembering something recruits a network of _____ over many areas

A

neurons

56
Q

where are memories consolidated

A

in the cortex

57
Q

memories are moved from the ______ to the ______

A

hippocampus to the cortex

58
Q

memory storage for _____ memory involved in many areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex , amygdala , cerebellum and basal ganglia

A

non declarative memory

59
Q

the basal ganglia and cerebellum are involved in what 2 things

A

motor control and motor learning

60
Q

the amygdala is invovled in what 2 things

A

fear and fear learning

61
Q

skill learning in humans depends on the connection between what 2 regions of the brain

A

basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex

62
Q

damage to what 2 areas of the brain will profoundly interfere with learning new motor skills

A

prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia

63
Q

give 2 examples of neurological diseases in which basal ganglia degenerate

A

huntingtons or parkinsons disease

64
Q

patients with huntingtons are parkinsons disease cannot do ____ ______ learning

A

complex skill learning

65
Q

acquisition of a skill depends primarily on which area of the brain

A

the hippocampus

66
Q

expression of a habit is primarily dependent on what

A

the basal ganglia

67
Q

for declarative memory short term memory storage is located in the ____

A

hippocampus

68
Q

for declarative memory long term memory is in a variety of cortical sites including

A

the wernikes area - language

temporal cortex

69
Q

what is the wernickies area associated with

A

meaning of words

70
Q

what skills is the temporal cortex associated with

A

memories of faces and objects

71
Q

does practice really make perfect

A

yes <3

72
Q

_____plays a big role in memory

A

motivation

73
Q

people who are hungry have a better memory for pictures of food items than people who are not this is an example of …

A

motivation playing a big role in memory

74
Q

do you lose information over time

A

yes

75
Q

is it possible to have trouble forgetting information

A

yes

76
Q

is it possible to create false memories

A

yes

77
Q

after people were read aloud a list of words , they were then asked to indicate if the words were read. Many of the participants falsely reported some words. This is an example of _____ _______ memory

A

false nondeclarative memory

78
Q

t/f memories become more susceptible to distortion over time

A

true

79
Q

when people who witness an event are told inaccurate information about it , their memories become distorted. This is an example of ___ ___

A

false declarative memory

80
Q

t/f it is difficult to implant false memories

A

false , it is pretty easy

81
Q

what is korsakoffs syndrome

A

a vitamin B1 deficiency secondary to alcoholism or severe malnutrition

82
Q

korsakoffs syndrome causes degeneration to what 2 areas that connect to the hippocampus

A

the mammillary bodies of the hypthalamus and medial thalamus

83
Q

what are 3 symptoms of the korsakoffs syndrome

A

anterograde and retrograde amnesia
confabulation
apathy

84
Q

alzheimers disease is a ____ ____ disease

A

progressive neurodegenerative disease

85
Q

where does alzheimers disease start

A

in the hippocampus

86
Q

in alzheimers disease would symptoms like forgetting where you put your keys precede or come after forgetting your kids names

A

precede

87
Q

since alzhiemers disease starts in the hippocampus , we know that it is involved in the formation of ___ (old/new) memories

A

new memories

88
Q

t/f excessive calcium is involved in alzheimers

A

true

Neurobiology (11 decks)

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