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Neurobiology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what % of out brain processes visual information

A

50%

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2
Q

is the retina part of the cns or pns

A

cns

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3
Q

what is called when the lens becomes opaque

A

cateracts

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4
Q

this part of the eye regulate pupil size and is the color of the eye

A

the iris

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5
Q

this part of the eye is the most sensitive part of the body

A

the cornea

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6
Q

this part of the eye is the white part

A

the sclera

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7
Q

this part of the eye is located inside the eyelid

A

conjuctiva

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8
Q

what is the function of the extra ocular muscles

A

they help the eye move in different directions

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9
Q

where does light enter the eye

A

through the lens

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10
Q

after light hits the lens where does it go

A

to the retina

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11
Q

T/F images are seen rightside up in the retina

A

false, they are seen upside down

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12
Q

what will occur if the eyeball is either too long or too short

A

light rays will not focus properly

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13
Q

where does light enter through the eye

A

the lens

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14
Q

after light hits the lens where does it go

A

to the retina

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15
Q

are images seen upside down or rightside up in the retina

A

upside down

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16
Q

what will happen if the eye ball is either too long or too shote

A

light will not focus properly

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17
Q

nearsightedness is also known as hyperopia t/f

A

false ,nearsightedness is also known as myopia

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18
Q

t/f a short eyeball causes farsightedness

A

true

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19
Q

another name for farsightedness is

A

hyperopia

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20
Q

light rays from distant objects are …

A

parallel

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21
Q

light rays form far away objects are

A

divergent

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22
Q

are people with myopia able to see nearby or far away objects better

A

nearby

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23
Q

does a lot of nearwork cause the eyeball to elongate or shrink

A

elongate

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24
Q

what is a normal sized eyeball called

A

emmetropic

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25
Q

what muscles are responsible for controlling the lens curcature to properly focus the light on the retina

A

ciliary muscles

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26
Q

t/f the lens must change its shape in order focus light rays on distant objects

A

false

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27
Q

what is accommodation

A

the cilliary muscles contract to bulge the lens to refract the light properly

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28
Q

this part of the eye is where the blood vessels enter and exit the eye and where the retinal axons leave the eye

A

optic disk

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29
Q

name this part of the eye

A

a pit in the center of the eye

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30
Q

name this part of the eye : densest in photoreceptors and supports the highest acuity vision

A

fovea

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31
Q

t/f the optic disk lacks photoreceptors

A

true

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32
Q

what is the function of photoreceptors

A

they detect photons in their outer segments

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33
Q

which is more sensitive : rods or cones

A

rods

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34
Q

t/f rods can be responsive to one photon

A

true

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35
Q

which photoreceptors respond to waves of light

A

cones

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36
Q

what do the outer segments of rods and cones have

A

they have light absorbing chromophore retinal coupled to a protein called opsin

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37
Q

when retinal absorbs light what occurs

A

it chang es shapes

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38
Q

what does opsin activate

A

the g protein transducin

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39
Q

t/f photoreceptors have action potential s

A

false

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40
Q

what cause s changes in membrane potential in photoreceptors

A

light caused by graded potential

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41
Q

what does light activation cause in photoreceptors

A

hyperpolarization

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42
Q

photoreceptors are ______by light

A

hyperpolarized

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43
Q

when photoreceptors are depolarized what occurs

A

they release glutamate

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44
Q

is glutamate released in darkness or light

A

dark

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45
Q

what is released when photoreceptors are depolarized

A

glutamate

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46
Q

Are rods or Cones more sensitive to light at low levels

A

Rods

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47
Q

Do rods or cones saturate

A

Rods

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48
Q

Do rods or cones saturate

A

Rods

49
Q

.?….. Are less sensitive to light but do not saturate

A

Cones

50
Q

Are rods or cones associated with high acuity vision

A

Cones

51
Q

What is high acuity vision

A

Vision with high detail

52
Q

How many tyoes of Cones are there

A

3

53
Q

Name the 3 types of cones

A

Short medium and long

54
Q

The visual system determines color by comparing the……..of different types of cones

A

Activity

55
Q

Normals humans have 3 cones . These are called

A

Trichromatic

56
Q

Color blind people are

A

Dichromatic

57
Q

Where is the retinal pigment epithelium found

A

Extends around the tip of photoreceptors

58
Q

What is the functional of retinal pigment epithelium

A

Recycles the outer tips of photoreceptors

59
Q

When are the retinal pigment epithelium generated

A

After light exposure

60
Q

Are photoreceptors far away or close to light

A

Faraway

61
Q

Are horizontal cells inhibitory

A

Yeah.

62
Q

Do horizontal cells hyperpolarize or depolarize

A

Hyperpolarize

63
Q

Do horizontal cells receive input from a lot of cells or only a few

A

A lot

64
Q

Do horizontal cells send output to a lot of a little photoreceptors

A

Only a few

65
Q

How are horizontal cells connected

A

They are connected by gap junctions

66
Q

When the center is hyperpolarized is more or less glutamate released

A

Less

67
Q

When the center is light but the surrounding is dark do the depolarize or hyperpolarize

A

Hyperpolarize

68
Q

When both the center and surround cells are lit does hypolorization occur

A

No

69
Q

When do horizontal cells cause greater cone response

A

When there are small spots of light or dark not big fields

70
Q

do visual systems respond better to contrast or absolute light

A

Contrast

71
Q

Where do bipolar cells receive input from

A

Photoreceptors

72
Q

Do bipolar cells have action potentials or graded potentials

A

Graded

73
Q

What 2 receptors do off center bipolar cells express

A

AMpa and kainate

74
Q

When glutamate comes in contact with Off center bipolar cells what occurs

A

They are depolarized

75
Q

What do on center bipolar cells express

A

MGlur

76
Q

When off center bipolar cells come in contact with glutamate what occurs

A

They are inhibited. ( hyperpolarized )

77
Q

On center cells ….. To spots of …..

A

Depolarize light

78
Q

Off center cells depolarize to ….

A

Dark spots

79
Q

Are amacrine cells excitatory or inhibitory

A

Inhibitory

80
Q

What is the purpose of amacrine cells

A

Serve to regulate the activity of bipolar cells

81
Q

T/f. Amacrine cells regulate the activity of bipolar cells

A

True

82
Q

Retinal ganglion cells receive input from what two cells

A

Bipolar and amacrine

83
Q

Do retinal ganglion cells have graded potentials

A

No

84
Q

Do retinal cells have action potentials

A

Yeah

85
Q

Do retinal cells respond best to spots of light or big fields of light or dark

A

Spots of light

86
Q

Do on center cells respond best to white spots surrounded by dark or dark spors surrounded by white

A

White spots surrounded by dark

87
Q

Which ganglion cells respond best to the photopigment melanopsin

A

Iprgc

88
Q

What does iprgc stand for.

A

Intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells

89
Q

What is the. Name of the photopigment that iprgcs respond to

A

Melanopsin

90
Q

T/f iprgc can detect light independent of photoreceptors

A

True

91
Q

Name the cell that contributes to detection of ambient light levels ,light driven reflexes like controlling pupil size and. Circadian rhythm .

A

Iprgcs

92
Q

The rgc axons exit the eye and begin what

A

The optic nerve

93
Q

Name the cell whose axons exit the eye and begin the optic nerve

A

Retinal ganglion cells

94
Q

What is unique about the optic chiasm

A

Some of the axons cross to the other side

95
Q

Another word for crossing of axons is

A

Decusasstion

96
Q

After the optic chiasm what are the axons called

A

The optic tract

97
Q

All of the information from the right visual field is directed to which side of the brain

A

The left hemisphere

98
Q

Where does decussation occur

A

At the optic chiasm

99
Q

What is the function of suprachasmatic nucleus

A

Circadian rhythm

100
Q

What is the function of the protectum

A

Pupillary

101
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus

A

Orients movements of the head and eye

102
Q

What is the function of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

A

It is involved in processing

103
Q

Which axons go to the primary visual cortex

A

Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

104
Q

Connection from the dlgn to the cortex is called …

A

Optic radiation

105
Q

Do v1 neurons respond well to light

A

No

106
Q

V1 neurons respond best to what

A

Moving oriented bars in a specific area of space

107
Q

Why do v1 neurons respond best to bars

A

Because 2 or more inputs are summed together

108
Q

T/f v1 neurons do not care about bar orientation

A

False, they care. Straight up and down is best

109
Q

What is a tuning curve

A

Shows which stimulus an individual cell responds to best.

110
Q

In humans neurons with similar orientations are clustered together in things called

A

Orientation columns

111
Q

How is v1 organized

A

Retinotopically

112
Q

Where is the first place in the visual system that has cells that receive information from both eyes

A

V1

113
Q

Define ocular dominance

A

The degree to which a cell favors one eye over the other

114
Q

T-/f cells with similar occular dominance do not cluster near each other

A

False

115
Q

What is an ocular dominance column

A

Cells with similar occular dominance cluster together

116
Q

T/f ocular dominance is plastic

A

True

117
Q

Is ocular dominance always plastic

A

No only during the critical period

118
Q

T/f every neuron in v1 has a set if characteristics that it responds to best

A

True

Neurobiology (11 decks)

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