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Neurobiology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

where does calcium enter during synaptic transmission

A

calcium enters the pre synaptic terminal

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2
Q

list the 4 stpes of synaptic transmission

A
  1. calcium enters the presynaptic terminal
  2. neurotranmitters are released
  3. the vesicles containing the neurotransmitters are endocystoed and recycled
  4. receptors on the postsynpatic membrane open channels and cause signaling postsynaptically
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3
Q

what ion do neurotransmitters need in order to be released

A

calcium

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4
Q

when there is an influx in calcium what happens to membrane potential

A

there is a change in membrane potential post synaptically

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5
Q

how can we indirectly measure the amount of neurotransmitter release

A

meausing the resulting change in voltage in the post synaptic cel

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6
Q

if there is a change in voltage in a post synaptic neuron what is it called

A

post synaptic membrane potential

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7
Q

if the post synaptic cell is a muscle cell and there is a change in membrane potential what is it called

A

end plate potential

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8
Q

define PSP

A

psp synaptic membrane potential , if there is a change in voltage and the post synaptic cell is a neuron

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9
Q

define epp

A

if the post synaptic cell is a muscle cell and there is a change in voltage

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10
Q

t/f lowering the amount of extracellular calcium changes the amount of neurotransmitter release

A

true

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11
Q

what is essential to neurotransmitter release

A

calcium

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12
Q

when we inject calcium do we get an increase or decrease in epp

A

increase

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13
Q

what is a keylator

A

it binds to calcium to inactivate it

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14
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

it is a substance that has an effect on a post synaptic cell

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15
Q

are neurotransmitters found in pre or post synaptic cell

A

presynaptic cell

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16
Q

are neurotransmitters released in response to presynaptic depolarization or hyperpolarization

A

depolarization

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17
Q

how do neurotransmitters affect the post synaptic cell

A

by binding to specific receptors

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18
Q

how many types of neurotransmitters are there

A

2

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19
Q

name the 2 types of neurotransmitters

A
  1. small molecule neurotransmitters

2. neuropeptide transmitters

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20
Q

how are small molecule neurotransmitters packaged

A

in small clear core vesicles

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21
Q

where are small molecule neurotransmitters synthesized

A

in the terminal

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22
Q

what is the reuptake mechanism for small molecule neurotransmitters

A

recycled in the terminal

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23
Q

how are neuropeptide transmitters packaged

A

in large dense core vesicles

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24
Q

where are neuropeptides synthesized

A

in the soma

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25
Q

what is the reuptake mechansim for neuropeptide transmitters

A

they degrade after they are released

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26
Q

clear core vesicles that are close to the pre synaptic terminal are also known as

A

readly releasable pool

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27
Q

what is the reserve pool

A

clear core vesicles that are not close ot he the presynaptic membrane

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28
Q

what is a co transmitter

A

a neuron that can release more than one kind of neurotransmitter.

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29
Q

what kind of neurotransmitters do co transmitters typically release

A

small molecule transmitter and neuropeptide transmitter

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30
Q

where are calcium channels positioned

A

close to the presynaptic membrane

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31
Q

where is concentration of calcium the highest

A

clsoe to the pre synaptic membrane

32
Q

where are clear core vesicles only released from

A

the readly releasable pool

33
Q

what does an influx of calcium trigger

A

the release of neurotransmitters

34
Q

t/f the principles of synaptic transmission apply whether the post synaptic cells is a muscle or a neuron

A

true

35
Q

sometimes you see small epps or psp’s with out stimultion these mini events are called

A

mepps or mpsps

36
Q

neurotransmitters come in ________s

A

packets

37
Q

each packet produces _ _____ sized response

A

1, MEPP

38
Q

how many packets make up an epp

A

several

39
Q

what is 4-AP

A

Voltage gaed potassium channel blocker

40
Q

where does synapsin bind

A

it reversibly binds to synaptic vesicles

41
Q

what is synapsin a good marker of

A

pre synaptic terminals

42
Q

which pool is synapsin released from

A

the reserve pool

43
Q

which pool os CamKII released from

A

the reserve pool

44
Q

what does CamKII stand for

A

ca/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 2

45
Q

what is CamKII sensitive to

A

calcium levels

46
Q

what kind of proteins do fusion use

A

SNARES

47
Q

where is synaptobrevin found

A

membrane of the vesicle

48
Q

where is syntaxin , snap 25 found

A

the plasma membrane

49
Q

what is SNARE involved in

A

it is involved in the fusion of vesicles to the pre synaptic membrane

50
Q

these 2 proteins help vesicles get close to the plasma membrane

A

syntaxin and snap 25

51
Q

name the protein that binds to calcium so that it can interact with SNARE and allows vesicles to fuse

A

synaptotagmin

52
Q

what occurs to the vesicles carrying neurotransmitters after they are released

A

they are endocytosed and recycled

53
Q

if vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane , what prevents terminals from just getting bigger

A

synaptic vesicle recycling

54
Q

clathrin plays a role in what function

A

endocytosis

55
Q

where does clathrin attach and what does it coat

A

clatherin attaches to the vesicular membrane and coats the budding vesicle

56
Q

the molecular shape of the clathrin physically forces the membrane it binds to into what shape?

A

into a ball shape

57
Q

what is the role of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes

A

they open channels and cause signal post synaptically

58
Q

how does neurotransmitter binding to receptors affect the post synaptic cell

A

neurotransmitter binding generates a response in the post synaptic cell

59
Q

what is end plate current

A

a response in the post synaptic cell due to a neurotransmitter binding

60
Q

what is post synaptic current

A

if the postsynaptic cell were another neuron

61
Q

what neurotransmitter does the NMJ use

A

acetylcholine

62
Q

what isthe post synaptic receptor in the NMJ

A

acetylichiline receptor

63
Q

what is reversal potential

A

when there is no net movement of ions

64
Q

can sodium and k calcium go thorugh acetylcholine receptors

A

yes

65
Q

at the time a muslce is stimulated by acetylcholine is the muscle usually at rest

A

yes

66
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of a muscle

A

-90mv

67
Q

acetylcholine receptors are permiable to what 2 ions

A

sodium and potassium

68
Q

when a cell is at rest , most of the current is due to what ion. (this ion will also depolarize the cell )

A

sodium

69
Q

are epsp’s excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory

70
Q

PSP’s that increase the likelihood of firing are ____ because they cause _____

A

excitatory, depolarization

71
Q

psp’s are _____ if they decrease the likelihood of firing, the cell becomes (depolarized/hyperpolarized)

A

inhibitory, hyperpolarized

72
Q

epsp’s result from activating receptors that open channels with a reversal potential that is ______ threshold

A

over

73
Q

ipsp’s result from activating receptors that open channels with a reversal potential that is ______ threshold

A

below

74
Q

define summation

A

most neurons recieve many inputs from both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Neurons sum the PSP’s to determine their overall membrane potential

75
Q

define inhibitory input

A

it will hyperpolarize the membrane potential ( make it more negative )

76
Q

list the 7 steps of synaptic transmission in order

A
  1. neurotransmitter release
  2. receptor binding
  3. ion channels open or close
  4. conductance change causes current flow
  5. postsynaptic potential changes
  6. post cells excited or inhibited
  7. summation determines whether or not an action potential occurs

Neurobiology (11 decks)

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