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Neurobiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what makes up the periferal nervous system?

A

everything besides the brain and spinal cord. in includes that somatic PNS and visceral PNS

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3
Q

Describe the somatic pns

A

nerves that innervate the skin, joints and muscles

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4
Q

describe the visceral pns

A

the neurons that innervate internal organs blood vessels and glands

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5
Q

what is the cerebrum associated with

A

conscious memory and thought

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6
Q

what is the cerebellum associated with

A

coordination of complex motor patterns

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7
Q

what is the diencephalon associated with

A

infromation relay and control of homeostasis

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8
Q

what is the brain stem associated with

A

information relay and center of autonomic control for heart , lunds and digestive system

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9
Q

another word for electrically acitve cells

A

neurons

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10
Q

are neurons and neural circuits plastic

A

yes

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11
Q

most of our senses go through what part of our brain

A

the thalamus

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12
Q

what is one of our oldest senses?

A

the olfactory gland

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13
Q

in what part of the brain are neurotransmitters produced?

A

in the brain stem

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14
Q

what makes up the cerbral cortex

A

the entire cerebrum

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15
Q

the cerebrum is made up of what 2 things

A

sulci and gyri

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16
Q

another names for the the ridges on the cerebrum are called

A

gyri

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17
Q

another names for the grooves on the cerebrum are

A

sulci

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18
Q

what are fissures

A

deep sulci

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19
Q

what is the purpose of gyri and sulci

A

to increase the surface area on the brain

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20
Q

this part of the brain regulates many aspects of homeostasis like temperature , hormones, and emotions

A

hypothalamus

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21
Q

the cortex can be divided into what lobes

A

frontal , occipital , parietal , temporal

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22
Q

vision is associated with which lobe of the brain

A

occipital

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23
Q

controlled inhibition , decision making is associated with which lobe of the brain

A

frontal

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24
Q

somatosensory information is associated with which lobe of the brain?

A

parietal

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25
Q

what is the temporal lobe associated with

A

vsion , memory and emotion

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26
Q

in which lobe is controlled inhibition related to

A

the frontal lobe

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27
Q

describe controlled inhibition

A

something that you do not do , like taking clothes off in public. this is something that develops with age.

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28
Q

how many layers of the cerebral cortex are there?

A

6

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29
Q

what does cytoarchitectonic differences refer to?

A

the differences in the layers that make up the cerebral cortex.

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30
Q

the cytoarchitectonic differences in the brain correlate with what

A

differences in function and connectivity

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31
Q

where does layer 4 of the brain input informaiton

A

from the thalamus to the cortex

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32
Q

where does layer 5 of the cerebral cortex input information

A

ftom the cortex to the subcortical structures

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33
Q

what does neocortex mean

A

cortex that has 6 layers

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34
Q

what are the names of the cortex associated with

A

their function

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35
Q

any area of the cortex can be named using a numered system called

A

the broadman area system

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36
Q

name the 3 ways that the right and left hemispheres are connected

A

corpus collosum, anterior commissure , posterior commisure

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37
Q

the receptive region of the the neuron is called

A

dendrites

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38
Q

the biosynthetic center and receptive center of a neuron nis called

A

the cell body

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39
Q

the impulse generating and conducting region of the a nueron is called

A

axon

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40
Q

the secratory of a neuron is called

A

axon terminal

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41
Q

define : cluster of cells in the cns

A

nucleus

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42
Q

define : cluster of cells in the pns

A

ganglia

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43
Q

define : an enclosed bundle of fibers in the cns

A

tract

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44
Q

define an enclosed bundle of fibers in the pns

A

nerve

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45
Q

how many kinds of nerves are there

A

2, spinal and crainial

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46
Q

name the the nerves that go through the spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

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47
Q

name the nerves that go directly to the brain

A

crainial nerves

48
Q

true false: spinal nerves innervate much of the body

A

true

49
Q

gray or white: contains lots of cell bodies of neurons

A

gray

50
Q

gray or white constains mostly axons with myelin

A

white

51
Q

define procedural memory

A

when you learn something like a motor skill , once you learn it you dont need to relearn it like riding a bike

52
Q

what are the 2 kinds of cells in the nervous system

A

neurons and glia

53
Q

are neurons electrically active

A

yes

54
Q

what is the main function of neurons

A

transmit information

55
Q

this kind of cell supports neurons

A

glia

56
Q

this kind of cell modulates nerve transmission

A

glia

57
Q

what is the name of the most abundant form of glia

A

astrocytes

58
Q

name this cell : regulates the chemical environment of neurons

A

astrocytes

59
Q

are astrocytes found in the pns or cns

A

cns

60
Q

what do astrocytes secrete for metabolic support

A

lactate

61
Q

can astrocytes cause vasodialtion and vasoconstriction

A

yes

62
Q

where are satellite cells found

A

in the pns

63
Q

do satelellite cells create scars

A

no

64
Q

where are microglia found

A

in the cns

65
Q

wehre are microglia derived from

A

hematopeoietic cells

66
Q

this kind of cell form the cns’s main likne of defense against pathogens

A

microglia

67
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

it blocks most immune cells from entering the cns

68
Q

can microglia change shape

A

yes

69
Q

t/f microglia can not move

A

false, microglia are mobile

70
Q

t/f microglia are attracted to sites of injury

A

true

71
Q

what is the function of mylenating glia

A

form a sheath around neural axons to speed up information transmission

72
Q

name the 2 forms of mylenating glia

A

oligodendrocytes (cns) and sschwaan cells (pns)

73
Q

are schwaan cells found in the pns or cns

A

pns

74
Q

t/f shwaan cells can wrap up to 50 neurons

A

false , they can only wrap 1 neuron each

75
Q

how many neurons can oligodendrocytes can wrap up

A

up to 50

76
Q

this kind of cell also aids in axon regerneration after injury

A

shwaan cells

77
Q

multiple sclerosis is a disorder of what?

A

mylenating glia

78
Q

what is being attacked if someone has multiple sclerosis

A

inflammatory attacks of oligondendrocytes

79
Q

if someone was complaining of loss of sensitivity, numbness, tingliing , and visual problems and an mri scan shows multiple white spots or lesions on the brain they are likely suffering from

A

multiple sclerosis

80
Q

does multiple sclerosis affect the pns or cns

A

cns

81
Q

the guilliain barre syndorme affect the pns or cns

A

pns

82
Q

an inflammaatory attack on schwann cells is also known as

A

guillain-barre syndrome

83
Q

if someone complains of loss of sensation , muscle weakness, which spreads to breathing muscles what could they be suffuring from

A

guillian -barre syndrome

84
Q

what are the 3 ways that neurons can be classified

A

afferent, efferent and interneurons

85
Q

a neuron that connects information to the cns is called an

A

afferent neuron

86
Q

an axon that conducts information away from the cns is called an

A

efferent neuron

87
Q

a nerons in between the primary sensory and the primary efferent neuron is called

A

an interneuron

88
Q

do interneurons usually interact in far or close distances

A

close

89
Q

define a synapse

A

a place wehre a neuron transmits information to another neuron

90
Q

how many kinds of synapses are there and name them

A

2, electrical and chemical

91
Q

name this kind of synapse : pre and post synaptic cells are linked by gap junciton s

A

electrical synapse

92
Q

are electrical synapses uni or bi directional

A

bidirectional

93
Q

name this kind of synapse : cells do not touch , they are separated by a synaptic cleft

A

chemical synapse

94
Q

neurons can can be classified by the kind of neurotransmitter released. what are the 3 kinds of neurons

A

excitatory, inhibitory , modulatory

95
Q

describe an excitatory neuron

A

neruons that emit enruotrnasmitter that directly promote the firing of other neurons

96
Q

describe the inhibitory neuron

A

neutons that emit neurotransmittere that directly inhibit the firing of other neurons

97
Q

describe a modulatory neuron

A

have a long lasting effect not directly related to firing rate

98
Q

list 5 ways to study the nervous system

A
  1. model organism
  2. observing anatomy
  3. manipulating organisms
  4. lesion studies
  5. detecting neural activity
99
Q

these organisms have big axons that enabled lots of research about axonal and synaptic transmission

A

atlantic squid

100
Q

we study these animals because there have large eggs

A

frog

101
Q

this animal was important in studying sensory and motor systems research

A

the house cat

102
Q

this animal is used to study complex animal behavior

A

rhesus monkey

103
Q

what is a silver stain

A

it completely stains an entire neuron

104
Q

what is a nissil stain

A

it stains nucleic acids , and reveals the locations of all cell bodies

105
Q

what is immunostaing

A

using florescent antibodies that bond to certain proteins

106
Q

t/f a live cell can be used to do a stain

A

false, cells must be dead before they can be stained

107
Q

name the 2 kinds of tracers that can be injected into the brain

A

retrograde and anterograde tracers

108
Q

is there anterograde or reterograde: taken up by the axon terminal and carried to the cell body

A

retrograde

109
Q

name this tracer: taken up by the cell body or cell membrane and carried out to the axon terminals

A

anterograde tracer

110
Q

what is a reversible lesion

A

a chemical that inhibit firing temporarily

111
Q

what is TMS

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation : it supresses neural activity for a short while

112
Q

what is electrophysiology

A

involves detecting the electrical signals of neurons individually or collectively

113
Q

what does an eeg do ?

A

it records the collective brain activity of neurons in a broad area through the scalp

114
Q

what is a pet

A

it gives a map of which areas of the brain are being used do to radioactive glucose

115
Q

what does BOLD stand for

A

blood oxygen level dependence

116
Q

do active areas of the brain use oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

A

oxygenated

Neurobiology (11 decks)

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