Lecture 1 Flashcards
what makes up the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
what makes up the periferal nervous system?
everything besides the brain and spinal cord. in includes that somatic PNS and visceral PNS
Describe the somatic pns
nerves that innervate the skin, joints and muscles
describe the visceral pns
the neurons that innervate internal organs blood vessels and glands
what is the cerebrum associated with
conscious memory and thought
what is the cerebellum associated with
coordination of complex motor patterns
what is the diencephalon associated with
infromation relay and control of homeostasis
what is the brain stem associated with
information relay and center of autonomic control for heart , lunds and digestive system
another word for electrically acitve cells
neurons
are neurons and neural circuits plastic
yes
most of our senses go through what part of our brain
the thalamus
what is one of our oldest senses?
the olfactory gland
in what part of the brain are neurotransmitters produced?
in the brain stem
what makes up the cerbral cortex
the entire cerebrum
the cerebrum is made up of what 2 things
sulci and gyri
another names for the the ridges on the cerebrum are called
gyri
another names for the grooves on the cerebrum are
sulci
what are fissures
deep sulci
what is the purpose of gyri and sulci
to increase the surface area on the brain
this part of the brain regulates many aspects of homeostasis like temperature , hormones, and emotions
hypothalamus
the cortex can be divided into what lobes
frontal , occipital , parietal , temporal
vision is associated with which lobe of the brain
occipital
controlled inhibition , decision making is associated with which lobe of the brain
frontal
somatosensory information is associated with which lobe of the brain?
parietal
what is the temporal lobe associated with
vsion , memory and emotion
in which lobe is controlled inhibition related to
the frontal lobe
describe controlled inhibition
something that you do not do , like taking clothes off in public. this is something that develops with age.
how many layers of the cerebral cortex are there?
6
what does cytoarchitectonic differences refer to?
the differences in the layers that make up the cerebral cortex.
the cytoarchitectonic differences in the brain correlate with what
differences in function and connectivity
where does layer 4 of the brain input informaiton
from the thalamus to the cortex
where does layer 5 of the cerebral cortex input information
ftom the cortex to the subcortical structures
what does neocortex mean
cortex that has 6 layers
what are the names of the cortex associated with
their function
any area of the cortex can be named using a numered system called
the broadman area system
name the 3 ways that the right and left hemispheres are connected
corpus collosum, anterior commissure , posterior commisure
the receptive region of the the neuron is called
dendrites
the biosynthetic center and receptive center of a neuron nis called
the cell body
the impulse generating and conducting region of the a nueron is called
axon
the secratory of a neuron is called
axon terminal
define : cluster of cells in the cns
nucleus
define : cluster of cells in the pns
ganglia
define : an enclosed bundle of fibers in the cns
tract
define an enclosed bundle of fibers in the pns
nerve
how many kinds of nerves are there
2, spinal and crainial
name the the nerves that go through the spinal cord
spinal nerves
name the nerves that go directly to the brain
crainial nerves
true false: spinal nerves innervate much of the body
true
gray or white: contains lots of cell bodies of neurons
gray
gray or white constains mostly axons with myelin
white
define procedural memory
when you learn something like a motor skill , once you learn it you dont need to relearn it like riding a bike
what are the 2 kinds of cells in the nervous system
neurons and glia
are neurons electrically active
yes
what is the main function of neurons
transmit information
this kind of cell supports neurons
glia
this kind of cell modulates nerve transmission
glia
what is the name of the most abundant form of glia
astrocytes
name this cell : regulates the chemical environment of neurons
astrocytes
are astrocytes found in the pns or cns
cns
what do astrocytes secrete for metabolic support
lactate
can astrocytes cause vasodialtion and vasoconstriction
yes
where are satellite cells found
in the pns
do satelellite cells create scars
no
where are microglia found
in the cns
wehre are microglia derived from
hematopeoietic cells
this kind of cell form the cns’s main likne of defense against pathogens
microglia
what is the blood brain barrier
it blocks most immune cells from entering the cns
can microglia change shape
yes
t/f microglia can not move
false, microglia are mobile
t/f microglia are attracted to sites of injury
true
what is the function of mylenating glia
form a sheath around neural axons to speed up information transmission
name the 2 forms of mylenating glia
oligodendrocytes (cns) and sschwaan cells (pns)
are schwaan cells found in the pns or cns
pns
t/f shwaan cells can wrap up to 50 neurons
false , they can only wrap 1 neuron each
how many neurons can oligodendrocytes can wrap up
up to 50
this kind of cell also aids in axon regerneration after injury
shwaan cells
multiple sclerosis is a disorder of what?
mylenating glia
what is being attacked if someone has multiple sclerosis
inflammatory attacks of oligondendrocytes
if someone was complaining of loss of sensitivity, numbness, tingliing , and visual problems and an mri scan shows multiple white spots or lesions on the brain they are likely suffering from
multiple sclerosis
does multiple sclerosis affect the pns or cns
cns
the guilliain barre syndorme affect the pns or cns
pns
an inflammaatory attack on schwann cells is also known as
guillain-barre syndrome
if someone complains of loss of sensation , muscle weakness, which spreads to breathing muscles what could they be suffuring from
guillian -barre syndrome
what are the 3 ways that neurons can be classified
afferent, efferent and interneurons
a neuron that connects information to the cns is called an
afferent neuron
an axon that conducts information away from the cns is called an
efferent neuron
a nerons in between the primary sensory and the primary efferent neuron is called
an interneuron
do interneurons usually interact in far or close distances
close
define a synapse
a place wehre a neuron transmits information to another neuron
how many kinds of synapses are there and name them
2, electrical and chemical
name this kind of synapse : pre and post synaptic cells are linked by gap junciton s
electrical synapse
are electrical synapses uni or bi directional
bidirectional
name this kind of synapse : cells do not touch , they are separated by a synaptic cleft
chemical synapse
neurons can can be classified by the kind of neurotransmitter released. what are the 3 kinds of neurons
excitatory, inhibitory , modulatory
describe an excitatory neuron
neruons that emit enruotrnasmitter that directly promote the firing of other neurons
describe the inhibitory neuron
neutons that emit neurotransmittere that directly inhibit the firing of other neurons
describe a modulatory neuron
have a long lasting effect not directly related to firing rate
list 5 ways to study the nervous system
- model organism
- observing anatomy
- manipulating organisms
- lesion studies
- detecting neural activity
these organisms have big axons that enabled lots of research about axonal and synaptic transmission
atlantic squid
we study these animals because there have large eggs
frog
this animal was important in studying sensory and motor systems research
the house cat
this animal is used to study complex animal behavior
rhesus monkey
what is a silver stain
it completely stains an entire neuron
what is a nissil stain
it stains nucleic acids , and reveals the locations of all cell bodies
what is immunostaing
using florescent antibodies that bond to certain proteins
t/f a live cell can be used to do a stain
false, cells must be dead before they can be stained
name the 2 kinds of tracers that can be injected into the brain
retrograde and anterograde tracers
is there anterograde or reterograde: taken up by the axon terminal and carried to the cell body
retrograde
name this tracer: taken up by the cell body or cell membrane and carried out to the axon terminals
anterograde tracer
what is a reversible lesion
a chemical that inhibit firing temporarily
what is TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation : it supresses neural activity for a short while
what is electrophysiology
involves detecting the electrical signals of neurons individually or collectively
what does an eeg do ?
it records the collective brain activity of neurons in a broad area through the scalp
what is a pet
it gives a map of which areas of the brain are being used do to radioactive glucose
what does BOLD stand for
blood oxygen level dependence
do active areas of the brain use oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
oxygenated
