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Neurobiology > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

t/f neurotransmitters have a significant impact on our behavior on a daily basis

A

true

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2
Q

what are the 2 kinds of receptors

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

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3
Q

this kind of receptor is directly linked to an ion channel

A

ionotropic

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4
Q

this kind of receptor affects neurons by activating g proteins

A

metabotropic receptors

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5
Q

a lignad gated ion channel is also known as

A

ionotropic receptor

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6
Q

a g protein coupled receptor is also known as

A

a metabotropic receptor

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7
Q

are ionotropic receptors fast or slow

A

fast

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8
Q

are metabolic tropic receptors fast or slow

A

slow

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9
Q

t/f the effect of metabolic receptors are quick only a few ms

A

false, the effects can last for minutes

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10
Q

how does a ionotropic receptor

A

a neurotransmitter binding directly opens an ion channel

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11
Q

this kind of receptor is a g protein coupled receptor

A

metabotropic receptor

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12
Q

what kind of proteins fo metabotrobic proteins have to activate

A

g proteins

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13
Q

which neurotransmitter is this: important in learning and memory , involved in alzhiemers

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

what is the name of the 1st neurotransmitter identified in the neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

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15
Q

the 1st substance identified as a neurotransmitter was

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

this neuro transmitter funcitons at the neuromuscular junction and various other synapses

A

acetylcholine

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17
Q

what 2 things is acetylcholine synthesized from

A

acetyl -coa and choline by acetyltransferase

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18
Q

t/f acetylcholine is recycled at the synapse

A

false

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19
Q

where is acetylcholine hydrolyzed at

A

in the cleft by acetylcholinesterase in to acetate and choline

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20
Q

how many types of acetylcholine receptors are there

A

2

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21
Q

list the 2 kinds of acetylcholine receptors

A

Nicotinic Receptors and muscarinic receptors

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22
Q

these kind of the receptors are selectively activate by nicotine

A

nicotinic receptors

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23
Q

t/f nicotinic receptors are found not found at the NMJ

A

false, they are found at the nmj

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24
Q

are nicotinic receptors metabotropic or ionotropic

A

ionotropic

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25
Q

muscarinic receptors are selectively activated by what

A

muscarine

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26
Q

where are muscarinic receptors found

A

centrally

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27
Q

are muscarinic receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

A

metabotropic

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28
Q

what does nAChRs mean

A

nicotinic receptors

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29
Q

what does mAChR mean

A

muscarinic mean

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30
Q

list 3 things that we can eat to increase choline

A

soy, milk, egg yolk, organ meat

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31
Q

how do we get rid of the acetylocholine from the synaptic cleft

A

acetylcholinesterase

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32
Q

acetylcholine is recycled back into what 2 things

A

acetate and choline

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33
Q

list 3 symptoms of too much acetylcholine

A

hypersexuality , secretion of acid, muscle contraction , impared declaritive memory

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34
Q

what does sarin nerve gas inhibit

A

acetylocholinerase production

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35
Q

list a nicotinic agonist

A

nicotine

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36
Q

pancuronium , tubocurarine and succinyl choline are examples of

A

nicotinic antagonists which are muscle relaxants

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37
Q

list a muscarinic agonist

A

muscarine

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38
Q

what is muscarine

A

one cause of mushroom poisioning . it is a muscarinic agonist

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39
Q

what is atropine

A

it is a muscarinic antagonist

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40
Q

what does atropine do

A

it causes pupil dilation , raising heartbeat and inhibits mucus secretion

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41
Q

jimsonweed and datura are examples of

A

hallucinogens which are muscarinic antagonists

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42
Q

nearly all excitatory neurons in the cns use this neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

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43
Q

t/f over half of all of the brains synapses use glutamate

A

false

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44
Q

glutamate is packaged in ______ called ______

A

vesicles called VGLUT

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45
Q

how is glutamate cleared from the cleft

A

it is cleared from the cleft by excitatory amino acid transporters

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46
Q

what do EAATs refer to

A

excitatory amino acid transporters

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47
Q

how many types of receptors are there for glutamate

A

3 metabotropic and 3 ionotropic

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48
Q

how many metabotropic receptors are there for glutamate

A

3

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49
Q

t/f metabotropic receptors for glutamate are only found in the cns

A

false , they are found in the pns and cns

50
Q

how many receptor types of ionotropic receptors are there for glutamate , and list them

A

3 : AMPA, NMDA and Kainate

51
Q

what ions are the ionotropic for glutamate permiable to

A

all 3 are permiable to sodium and potassium and sometimes calcium

52
Q

what is special about NMDA receptors

A

they are always permiable to calcium

53
Q

are kainate receptors permiable to calcium

A

no

54
Q

what is the role of calcium in an NMDA receptor

A

it is important because calcium can act as a signaling molecule in the postsynaptic molecule in the post synaptic neuron

55
Q

the the calcium in NMDA receptors affect the pre synaptic or post synaptic molecule

A

post synaptic

56
Q

small amounts of ______ are necessary for receptor activation in NMDA receptors

A

glycine

57
Q

t/f ca binds to the NMDAR

A

False , mg binds to the NMDA receptors and blocks the pore

58
Q

when a membrane is at rest and hyperpolorized is the NMDA receptor pore blocked or unblocked

A

blocked by mg

59
Q

when a NMDA receptor is depolarized is the pore blocked or unblocked

A

when the mebrane is depolarized the mg is ejeted allowing cations to move in

60
Q

what kind of channel is a NMDA receptor

A

voltage gated

61
Q

name the main excitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

62
Q

what 2 ions are needed in order for NMDAR channels to open

A

glutamate and glycene

63
Q

is the NMDA receptor ligand gated, voltage gated or both

A

both

64
Q

if the membrane of a NMDA receptor is is locked will you see a current

A

no because the pore is blocked

65
Q

what must occur for a current to flow through a NMDA receptor pore

A

in order to open it needs to get rid of the magenesium so that it depolarizes

66
Q

what does excessive activation of ionotropic GluRs causes

A

it causes neurons to die . aka excitotoxcity

67
Q

in terms of glutamate what is occuring during stroke, hypoglycemia or seizure

A

excessive activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors

68
Q

list to NMDA receptor antagonists

A

ketamine and pcp

69
Q

what is the name of the NMDAR antagonist that is also an anesthetic used for children and animals

A

ketamine

70
Q

when lots of glutamate is applied to a neuron , the NMDARs generally open later than the AMPARs why ?

A

because the AMPA receptors do not have mg block so they get activated 1st .

71
Q

name the 2 major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS

A

GABA and Glycine

72
Q

where are Gaba and Glycine commonly found

A

in the local circuit of interneurons

73
Q

what is the function of GATs

A

Gaba is transported out of the cleft by GATs (gaba transporters)

74
Q

how many types of gaba receptors are there

A

2 : gaba a and gaba b

75
Q

are gaba a receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

A

ionotropic

76
Q

t/f gaba b receptors are ionotropic

A

false they are metabotropic

77
Q

what are ion are gaba a receptors permiable to

A

chloride

78
Q

what kind of channels do gaba b receptors open

A

potassium

79
Q

what kind of channels do gaba b receptors block

A

calcium

80
Q

benzodiazenpines , barbituates and ethanol are all examples of what ?

A

agonists of the GABA a receptors

81
Q

what is picrotoxin

A

an antedote for barbituate poisioning

82
Q

what is the antagonist for GABA a receptors

A

picrotoxin

83
Q

what is baclofin

A

a muscle relaxant and an agonist of GABA B receptors

84
Q

list the 2 agonists for GABA b receptors

A

baclofen and GHB

85
Q

are glycine receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

A

ionotropic

86
Q

where are glycine receptors usually found

A

in the spinal cord

87
Q

what is the function of strychnine

A

it blockes glycine receptors , it causes painful death

88
Q

what is the basic funciton of biogenic amines

A

regulate mood and other functions

89
Q

what are the main catergories of biogenic amines

A

catecholamines , indoleamine and imidazoleamine

90
Q

dopamine is an example of an _______ biogenic amine

A

catecholamine

91
Q

dopemine is important in regulation of _____ and _____

A

movement, reward

92
Q

which kinod of neurons die in the parkinsons disease

A

dopaminergic neruons

93
Q

cocaine , amphetamines and heroin affect what kind of synapses ?

A

dopaminergic synapses

94
Q

norepinephrine and epiniphrine are examples of what class of biogenic amines

A

catecholamines

95
Q

what receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine act on ?

A

alpha and beta adernergenic receptors

96
Q

what is norepinephrens central effect

A

influences sleep, attentions and wakefulness

97
Q

this amine is important in motivation

A

dopamine

98
Q

these 2 amines are involved in fight or flight

A

norepinephren and epinephrin

99
Q

histamine is part of what class of amines

A

imidazoleamine

100
Q

t/f histamine effects the cns

A

true

101
Q

in the cns , histamine mediates ______ and ______

A

arousal and attention

102
Q

this amine is involved in regulation of the vestibular (balance ) system

A

histamine

103
Q

seratonin is part of what class of amines

A

indolamine

104
Q

is serotonin important in the somatic or visceral nervous system

A

visceral

105
Q

this amine is important in wakefullness, mood and many psychiatric disorders

A

seratonin

106
Q

what does SSRI mean

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

107
Q

what is buproprion

A

a drug that inhibits reuptake of norepinphine and dopamine .

108
Q

buproprion is antagonist or agonist for noctini acetylcholine receptors

A

antagonist

109
Q

peptide neurotransmitters help to regulate

A

weight regulation , stress and regulation and release of other hormones

110
Q

what is the function of u opiate receptors

A

they are the site of action for opiate drugs like heroin and morphine

111
Q

major painkillers are _____ receptors

A

opiate

112
Q

where does morphine bind to

A

opiate receptors

113
Q

endocannabinoids are examples of

A

unconventional neurotransmitters

114
Q

what kind of receptors do endocannabinoids receptors target

A

cannabinoid receptors

115
Q

list 2 examples of endocannabinoids

A

2 -AG , Anandamide

116
Q

what kind of signaling is endoanbinoids

A

retrograde

117
Q

are endocannabinoids made post synaptically or pre synaptically

A

post synaptically

118
Q

what is the name of the most common receptor for endocannabinoids

A

CB1

119
Q

THC is an example of an ____ of _______ receptors

A

THC is an agonist of cannabinoid receptors

120
Q

endocannabinoid signaling is important for what 4 things

A

perception
motor control
memory
appetite

Neurobiology (11 decks)

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