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Neurobiology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

do neurons have a negative or postive membrane potential at rest?

A

negative

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2
Q

do all neurons have the same resting membrane potential

A

no

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3
Q

what is the average membrane potential

A

(-40)-(-90)mv

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4
Q

define resting membrane potential

A

neurons have a negative voltage potential at rest called the resting membrane potential

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5
Q

do substances move up or down their concentration gradient?

A

down

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6
Q

in simple diffusion do things move from high to low or low to high concentrations

A

high to low

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7
Q

define diffusion

A

substances naturall and passivel travel down thier concentration gradients (areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration )

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8
Q

is the plasma membrane a good or bad conductor of ions

A

good

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the plasma membrane

A

allows the neuron to maintain different concetrations of ions and other molecules inside and outside of cell

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10
Q

what are the 2 ways that ions cross a plasma membrane

A

ion channels and ion pumps

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11
Q

do ion channels use active or passive transport

A

passive transport

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12
Q

can anything pass thorugh a ion channel or is it selective

A

it is selective for certain ions

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13
Q

do ion pumps have active or passive transport

A

active transport

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14
Q

is atp needed for ion channels

A

no , it is passive transport

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15
Q

is atp needed fo ion pumps

A

yes,it is active transport

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16
Q

do ion pumps create concentration gradients ?

A

yes

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17
Q

are ion pumps selective for certain ions

A

yes

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18
Q

do ion pumps do up or down the concentration gradient

A

It can go up the gradient , so from low to high

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19
Q

name the pump that is responsible for the origin of membrane potential

A

sodium potassium pump

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20
Q

describe what the sodium potassium pump does

A

it creates a concentration gradient for sodium and potassium

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21
Q

explain what is going out of a cell and what is coming into a cell due to a sodium potassium pump

A

3 sodium out and 2 potassium in

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22
Q

true/false : a sodium potassium pump does not use atp

A

false it uses atp

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23
Q

true /false: there is higher concentration of k inside of the cell

A

true

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24
Q

true/false: there is a higher concentration of na inside of the cell

A

false, there is a higher concentration outside of the cell

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25
Q

when a cell is at rest , are potassium channels open ?

A

yes

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26
Q

when the potassium pump is at rest a sodium channels open ?

A

no

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27
Q

there is a negative charge on the outside of the cell, t/f

A

false , the inside of the cell is negative

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28
Q

when a cell is at rest, what can leak out of the cell

A

potassium

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29
Q

the sodium potassium pump creates a _____ _______

A

concentration gradient

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30
Q

are there more sodium or potassium pumps open at rest

A

there are more potassium channels open at rest

31
Q

a cell membrane has ______ permiability

A

selective permiability

32
Q

what 2 things together create a voltage gradient

A

concentration gradient & selective permiability

33
Q

define voltage

A

electrical potential difference , measures how much electrical potential energy is strored between 2 points

34
Q

define current

A

the rate electric change is flowing through something , the rate that ions are flowing out of a cell

35
Q

what is the equation for voltage

A

current * resistance

36
Q

if there is no concentration gradient is there voltage

A

no , both sides of a membrane will have the same concentration so there is no diffusion , therefore no voltage

37
Q

if there is a concentration gradient is there voltage

A

yes

38
Q

define elctrochemical equilibrium

A

the point where concentration gradient and electrical gradient cancel each other out

39
Q

when there is electrochemical equilibrium is there net movment

A

no

40
Q

define equilibrium potential

A

for every pair of intracellular/ extracellular ion concentrations there is one voltage that will give the state of electrochemical equilibrium

41
Q

what is the nernst equation

A

if there is one permeant ion you can use the nernst equation to calculate the equilibrium potential

42
Q

the concentration gradient is a form of what kind of energy

A

chemical energy

43
Q

electrical gradient is a form of what kind of energy

A

electrical energy

44
Q

what is the significance of studying the atlantic squid when studying membrane potential

A

the squid has a giant axon which allows us to study it

45
Q

what 2 experiments can you do if you wanted to figure out what ion a squids axon membrane is permiable to .

A
  1. measure membrane potential and see if its close to any ions equilibrium potential
  2. change the ion concentration and see if there is an effect
46
Q

when would when you use the goldman equation

A

the goldman equation takes into account the fact that the membrane is not equally permiable to all ions

47
Q

define permiability

A

the ability of the membrane to let an ion through this is quatio to the number of ion channels open for an ion

48
Q

ion channels are the same thing as ______

A

permiability

49
Q

if you simplify the goldman equation what does it become

A

the nernst equation

50
Q

true/false: the greater the concentration of particular ion and the less its membrane permiability , the greater its role in dermining the membrane potential

A

false : the greater the concentration of particular ion and the greater its membrane permiability the greater its role in dermining the membrane potential

51
Q

if there is more than ion , but the permiability for one ion is exceptionally high , do we use the goldman or the nernst equation

A

the nernst

52
Q

do we use relative or absolute permiabilites when dealing with ions

A

relative

53
Q

in a nutshell what causes a membrane potential

A

concentraion gradients of ions across a selectivel permeable membrane

54
Q

what 2 equations can we use to calculate the membrane potential

A

nernst and goldman

55
Q

what a neural cell membrane is at rest is it mostly permiable to sodium or potassium

A

potassium

56
Q

t/f if the neuron is at rest , the resting membrane potential is the the equilibrium potential

A

true

57
Q

t/f if the neuron is NOT at rest , the resting membrane potential is the the equilibrium potential

A

false, you would need to do an experiment to determine the equilibrium potential

58
Q

how would you experimentally determine the equilibrium potential of your system

A

you create at voltage diffeence an then measure whether current (ions) are flowing

59
Q

if the voltage is less than the diffuisonal force which way will ions move

A

to the right

60
Q

if the voltage is more than the diffusional force which way will ions move

A

to the left

61
Q

if the voltage equals the diffusional force what will the current be

A

it will be zero

62
Q

define reversal potential

A

where the sign of the current reverses from postive to negative

63
Q

reversal potential is also known as _______ potential

A

equilibrium potential

64
Q

when a neuron starts firing what occurs?

A

an electrical signal goes off so the membrane potential changes

65
Q

define action potential

A

the characteristic pattern of membrane potential changes

66
Q

the 1st phase of a electical signal in a neuron is called

A

the rising phase

67
Q

list all of the stages in a neuron firing

A
  1. rising phase
  2. overshoot phase
  3. falling phase
  4. falling phase
  5. undershoot phase
68
Q

the undershoot phase is also known as

A

hyperpolarization

69
Q

hyperpolarization is an important contributor to …

A

aging , it contributes to learning and memory

70
Q

what is hyperpolarization

A

making the membrane more negative

71
Q

what is depolarization

A

making the membrane potential more positive

72
Q

______ _______ involve temporary changes in membrane ______

A

action, potentials , potential

73
Q

at rest nerual cell membranes seem to be mostly permeable to ___

A

potassium

74
Q

t/f during an action potential an cell membrane greatly increases its permiability to potassium

A

false, sodium

Neurobiology (11 decks)

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