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Gross Anatomy - Unit 2 > Lecture 8 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

from which embryological germ layer is the urinary system derived

A

mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

the intermediate mesoderm swells to form

A

urogenital ridge

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3
Q

urogenital ridge comes from intermediate mesoderm and differentiates into

A

genital ridge and nephrogenic cord

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4
Q

we get our urinary system from

A

nephrogenic cord/ridge

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5
Q

what embryological phenomenon would contribute to accessory renal arteries or extra

A

problems with ascent of kidneys

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6
Q

as they kidney’s ascend, the kidneys pass through an arterial fork formed by the __ arteries

A

umbilical arteries

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7
Q

in horseshoe kidney’s what do they get snag on while ascending

A

IMA

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8
Q

the definitive kidney arises from the

A

metanephros

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9
Q

the most cranial part of the kidney and first to form

A

pronephros

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10
Q 
Appears at beginning of: 
4th week; degenerated by end of 4th week 
Functional? 
Rudimentary; not functional in humans
Found within cervical region:
A

pronephros

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11
Q

2nd part of the kidney appears in the 4th week and is functional until the 10th week

functional or nah

A

mesonephros

yes functional

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12
Q

mesonephros : from intermediate mesoderm of upper __ to upper__ segments

A

thoracic to upper lumbar segments

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13
Q

the definitive (permanent) kidney - appears in 5th week

A

metanephros

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14
Q

what are the two components of the metanephros and their derivatives

A

ureteric bud - from mesonephric duct gives rise to collecting ducts

and metanephric blastema - gives rise to excretory portion (nephrons)

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15
Q

gives rise to collecting ducts in kidney (collecting tubules, major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, ureter)

A

ureteric bud -

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16
Q

gives rise to excretory portion (nephrons) of metanephros (bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule)

A

metanephric blastema

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17
Q

during weeks 4-7, ___ divides cloaca into urogenital sinus and anal canal

A

urorectal septum

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18
Q

which germ layer does the urorectal septum arise from

A

mesoderm

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19
Q

the bladder arises from which part of the urogenital sinus?

A

vesical part

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20
Q

trigone of bladder, a triangular area of the incorporated __ on posterior bladder wall

A

mesonephric duct

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21
Q

caudal ends of mesonephric ducts and attached ureteric buds become incorporated into

A

posterior wall of bladder

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22
Q

which portions of the urogenittal sinus contribute to the formation of the urethra in the female

A

pelvic part

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23
Q

which portion of the urogenital sinus gives rise to the vestibule of vagina

A

phallic part

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24
Q

which portions of the urogenittal sinus contribute to the formation of the urethra in the male

A

pelvic and phallic part

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25
Q

in the male the pelvic part and the phallic part of the urogenital sinus give rise to what

A

pelvic part - prostatic and membranous uretha

phallic part - penile (spongy) uretha

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26
Q

produces urine, pull out the ultra filtrate from the blood

A

kidneys

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27
Q

transports urine toward the urinary bladder

A

ureter

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28
Q

temporarily stores urine prior to elimination

A

urinary bladder

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29
Q

conducts urine to exterior, in males transports semen as well

A

uretha

30
Q

1) Regulation of Blood Ionic Composition
2) Regulation of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure
3) Regulation of Blood pH
4) Conservation of Valuable Nutrients
5) Production and Secretion of Hormones (Endocrine Function)
6) Assisting the Liver in Detoxification of Poisons
7) Elimination of Organic Waste Products and Foreign Substances – the kidneys help to excrete wastes; these wastes include the wastes produced in metabolic reactions such as ammonia* (deamination of amino acids), urea* (deamination of amino acids), bilirubin* (breakdown of hemoglobin), creatine* (breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers), and uric acid* (breakdown of nucleic acids). Other wastes excreted in urine include foreign substances from diet such as drugs and environmental toxins

A

functions of the urinary system

31
Q

the deep vertical fissure along the medial concave border of the kidney, is where renal vessels, nerves, and renal pelvis pass into/out of the kidney.

A

hilum

32
Q

Just past the hilum of the kidney is an internal space called the ____, which is filled with loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, along with part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of the blood vessels and nerves.

A

renal sinus

33
Q

In a cut kidney, the ____(i.e., functional part of the organ) can be divided into two distinct regions:
____superficial outer area
and the __ deeper inner area

A

parenchyma

Renal Cortex – superficial (outer) area.
Renal Medulla – deeper (inner) area;

34
Q

Renal Medulla – deeper (inner) area; can be divided into:
__6-18 distinct conical or triangular structures; the base faces the cortex; the apex is the renal papilla (which projects into a minor calyx); the tip of the papilla is perforated by papillary ducts

and ___in between pyramids; cortical tissue within medulla.

A

renal pyramids

renal columns

35
Q

consists of a renal pyramid, its overlying renal cortex, and one-half of each adjacent renal columns.

A

renal lobe

36
Q

which part of the kidney produces the ultrafiltrate

A

glomerulus

37
Q

blood flow into kidney

A

renal artery > segmental a> interlobur a> arcuate a > afferent arterioles> glomerular capillaries > efferent arterioles.

38
Q

blood flow out of kidney

A

vasa recta –OR – peritubular cappilaries > interlobular v> arcuate v> interlobar v > renal v.

39
Q

the fundamental structural and functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

40
Q

each human kidney contains approx. __ nephrons

A

1 million

41
Q

a nephron consists of two parts:
__ where glomerular filtration occurs

and ___where tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion occurs

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

42
Q

for urine to be produced, the nephrons perform 3 processes:
___ – First step; water and most solutes in blood plasma move from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular (i.e. Bowman’s) capsule.

___– Filtered fluid then moves through the renal tubule; the tubule cells reabsorb ~99% of filtered water and many solutes; these items return to the blood at the peritubular capillaries.

___ – The tubule cells can remove additional substances (ex. wastes, drugs, and excessive ions) from the blood in the peritubular capillaries.

A

Glomerular Filtration

Tubular Reabsorption

Tubular Secretion

43
Q

___is the beginning of the nephron and is located in the renal cortex

A

renal corpuscle

44
Q

two components of a renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus and bowmans capsule

45
Q

is a tuft of capillaries composed of 10 to 20 capillary loops. The glomerular capillaries are supplied by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole.

A

glomerulus

46
Q

is a double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerulus:
Visceral layer – internal layer

Parietal layer – external layer

A

bowman’s capsule

47
Q

Blood flowing through the capillary loops undergoes filtration to produce glomerular ultrafiltrate which is collected by Bowman’s capsule – specifically into the urinary or Bowman’s or capsular space located between the two layers. This ultrafiltrate then drains into the ___, the first part of the renal tubule.

A

proximal convoluted tubule

48
Q

Bowman’s/Glomerular capsule:
__ layer ;internal layer; consists of modified simple squamous epithelial cells called podocytes; extensions of these cells (pedicels) wrap around the single layer of endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries; space between two pedicels (~30-40nm) is called a filtration slit and this is where the ultrafiltrate from the blood enters Bowman’s space; semipermeable membrane covering this slit called a slit diaphragm.
___; external layer; simple squamous epithelium.

A

visceral layer

parietal layer

49
Q

of the renal corpuscle where the afferent and efferent arterioles enter/exit

A

vascular pole

50
Q

of the renal corpuscle where filtrate exits Bowman’s space and enters proximal convulated tube

A

urinary or tubular pole

51
Q

the degree of the vascular pole and the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle

A

180 degrees

52
Q

consists of a proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle (nephron loop), and distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

A

renal tubule

53
Q

where tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion occurs.

A

renal tubule

54
Q

parts of the renal tubule:
___attaches to the glomerular capsule; highly coiled tube; lies within the renal cortex.

___extends from the renal cortex into the renal medulla, turns, and returns to cortex.

___last part of the renal tubule; highly coiled tube; lies within the renal cortex; the distal convoluted tubule empties into a collecting duct.

A

proximal convoluted tubule

loop of henle

distal convoluted tubule

55
Q

Begins at the urinary pole of Bowman’s capsule
Very coiled
Found in the cortex
Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

A

proximal convoluted tubule

56
Q

In order to tell the difference between the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) and distal convoluted tubules (DCTs):

A

PCTs have a larger outside diameter than DCTs

PCTs cytoplasm is a little more eosinophilic (i.e., stains a little more pinker) due to mitochondria

PCT cells are larger, so find fewer nuclei around the lumen for PCTs, as compared to DCTs

PCTs have a brush border (i.e., long varying lengths of microvilli), while DCTs do not have a brush border (i.e., microvilli of DCTs are fewer and not long)

Luminal edge of PCTs is irregular, fuzzy, narrow, and somewhat star-shaped, unlike the DCTs whose lumen is smoother

57
Q

Nephron Loop (a.k.a. Loop of Henle) is composed of:

A

Thick descending limb of the loop of Henle (a.k.a. proximal straight tubule)
– composed of simple cuboidal epithelium

Thin descending limb of the loop of Henle
– composed of simple squamous epithelium

Thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle
– composed of simple squamous epithelium

Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (a.k.a. distal straight tubule)
– composed of simple cuboidal epithelium

58
Q

Very coiled
Found in the cortex
Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
Smaller cells than found in PCT
Lots of mitochondria here too – therefore eosinophilic cells
Microvilli of distal convoluted tubule are fewer and not long (i.e., no brush border) and, therefore, so lumen of DCT is smoother than PCT

A

distal convoluted tubule

59
Q

The final part of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (i.e., distal straight tubule) comes in contact with the afferent arteriole from the same nephron. Cells here in the distal straight tubule are modified to create the ____, a region where the cells are crowded together and become columnar with apical nuclei

A

macula densa

60
Q

Alongside the macula densa and the wall of the afferent arteriole are modified smooth muscle cells called

A

juxtaglomerular cells.

61
Q

macula cells + juxtaglomercular cells + extraglomerular mesangial cells (aka Lacis cells) =

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

62
Q

the juxtaglomerular apparatas helps regulate __ within the kidneys

A

blood pressure

63
Q

Collect” urine from DCT
Merge and become larger as they descend through the cortex and medulla
Simple cuboidal epithelium that transitions to simple columnar epithelium as ducts increase in size

A

collecting ducts

64
Q

2 cell populations within collecting ducts: ___Pale staining, along with single primary cilium and relative few short microvilli
Abundance of ADH-regulated water channels

___Denser cytoplasm, along with microvilli

A

principal cells or cleccting duct cells or light cells

intercalaced cells or dark cells

65
Q

How do you tell the difference between collecting ducts and PCTs & DCTs?:

A

Cytoplasm of collecting ducts is relatively clear and cells borders are usually distinct.

66
Q

within the collecting duct, when cells transition from simple cuboidal epithelium to simple columnar epithelium you are in, toward tip of renal papilla

A

papillary duct

67
Q

nephron with its renal corpuscle close to the renal medulla, long loop of henle, important for urine concentration

A

juxtamedullary nephron

68
Q

nephron with its renal corpuscle close to renal capsule, shorter loop of henle,

A

cortical nephron

69
Q

the middle part of the cortical lobule or renal lobule, consisting of a group of straight tubes connected to the collecting ducts.

A

medullary rays

70
Q

Mucosa
Transitional epithelium (a.k.a. urothelium)
Lamina propria

Submucosa

Muscularis
Smooth muscle
Inner longitudinal layer
Outer circular layer
Outermost longitudinal layer (distal end of ureter and present in bladder)

Adventitia

A

urinary system wall

~muscularis layer is mostly first two until you reach the end where its all 3

71
Q

male uretha:
___; lined by urothelium

__; – lined by stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium

___lined stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and then distally by non k stratified squamous epithelium.

A

prostatic uretha

membranous uretha

spongy uretha

72
Q

Lined initially by urothelium then by stratified squamous epithelium, with the occasional pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
small only 3-5cm

A

female uretha

Gross Anatomy - Unit 2 (16 decks)

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