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Gross Anatomy - Unit 2 > Lecture 10 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

glands classified as either

A

exocrine or endocrine

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2
Q

secrete onto a surface; either directly or through a duct

A

exocrine

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3
Q

secrete internally; ductless glands; secrete hormones; primarily utilize cardiovascular system for distribution

A

endocrine

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4
Q

there are two types of hormones

A
  1. circulating hormones

2. local hormones

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5
Q

two types of local hormones

A

paracrines and autocrines

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6
Q

hormones that act on near by cells, neighboring cells

A

paracrine hormones

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7
Q

hormone that is same cell secretion and action site

A

autocrine

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8
Q

what regulates the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, and a number of regulatory hormones are secreted by

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone, FSH, GH, LH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, all released by

A

anterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are secreted by __, regulated by __

A

posterior pituitary gland

regulated by hypothalamus

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12
Q

release corticosteroids

A

cortex of adrenal glands

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13
Q

release epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

medulla adrenal glands

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14
Q

release melatonin

A

pineal gland

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15
Q

release calcitonin and thyroid hormone

A

thyroid gland

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16
Q

release parathyroid hormone

A

parathyroid gland (located on posterior surface of thyroid)

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17
Q

have a huge role in glucose balance

A

pancreatic islets

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18
Q

release glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

A

pancreatic islets

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19
Q

endocrine role is main visceral(autonomic) control center for the body, vital for homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

regulates body temp, food intake, water balance/thirst, sleep-wake cycle, sexual behavior and endocrine functioning

A

hypothalamus

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21
Q

the hypothalamus links __ and __ systems; considered the “command center for the endocrine system” = its secretions can regulate other glands

A

links nervous and endocrine systems

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22
Q

hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland via

A

infundibulum or pituitary stalk

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23
Q

hypophysis is another name for

A

pituitary gland

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24
Q

together __ and __ regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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25
Q

how many hormones does the hypothalamus produce

A

9 total

5 releasing hormones which impact/control anterior pituitary

2 inhibiting which impact/control anterior pituitary

2 other hormones that are released by posterior pituitary

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26
Q

command center for endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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27
Q

master gland for endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

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28
Q

sits in bony hypophyseal fossa or cella turica of sphenoid bone

A

pituitary gland

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29
Q

2 functional components of the pituitary gland

A

anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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30
Q

anterior pituitary;
1; cords of epithelial cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries
2; cells are basophillic corticotropes (MSH), surrounds a series of colloid-filled follicles that represent the residual lumen of Rathke’s pouch

3; forms a collar or sheath around infundibulum, most cells are basophillic gonadotropic cells

A
  1. pars distalis
  2. pars intermedia
  3. pars tuberalis
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31
Q

posterior pituitary;
1; neurosecretory axons and their endings

2; contains neurosecretory axons forming the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tracts

A
  1. pars nervosa

2. infundibulum

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32
Q

another name for anterior pituitary

A

anterior lobe, adenohypophysis

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33
Q

another name for posterior pituitary

A

posterior lobe, neurohypophysis

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34
Q

hypothalamus is continuous with __ via infundibulim

A

posterior pituitary

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35
Q

what turns off hypothalamus

A

negative feedback loop from anterior lobe of pituitary gland

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36
Q

regulating hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior lobe of pituitary gland via the

A

hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

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37
Q

the control of the anterior pituitary via hypothalamus beings with __ in the hypothalamus synthesize the hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones in their cell body

A

neurosecretory neurons

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38
Q

hypothalamic hormones travel down the axons of the neurosecretory cells to the axon terminals where they exit via __ to stimulate/inhib anterior pituitary

A

exocytosis

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39
Q

once hormones released by hypothalamus and exit via exocytosis these hormones diffuse into the hypophyseal portal system at the __

A

primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system

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40
Q

hormones from hypothalamus pass from the primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system to the __ into the secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system, bringing these hypothalamic hormones directly to the cells of the pars distalis

A

hypophyseal portal veins

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41
Q

2 groups of secretory cells in anterior pituitary lobe

A

chromophils and chromophobes

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42
Q

chromophils of the anterior pituitary:
1; affinity for basic dye (gonadotropes, corticotropes, thyrotropes)

2: affinity for acidic dyes (somatotropes,lactotropes)

A
  1. basophils

2. acidophils

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43
Q

anterior pituitary > chromophils > basophils; 1=FSH and LH

2= adrenocorticotropic hormone

3 = thyroid stimulating hormone

A
  1. gonadotropes
  2. corticotropes
  3. thryotropes
44
Q

anterior pituitary > chromophils > acidophils;
1; growth hormone
2; prolactin

A
  1. somatotropes

2. lactotropes

45
Q

50% of pars distalis, with few or no secretory granules, stain weakly, clear cells, reserve/primitive cells, undifferentiated cells can become chromophils

A

chromophobes

46
Q

acidophil chromophil hormones

A

human growth hormone and prolactin

47
Q

which cell type is more prominent, basophil or acidophil

48
Q

which type of cell, basophil or acidophil, a little goes a long way

49
Q

__ hormone’s target tissue is the liver

A

human growth hormone or somatotropin

50
Q

stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone, and other tissues to synthesize and secrete insulinlike growth factors

51
Q

promote growth of the body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis, and elevation of blood glucose concentration

A

insulinlike growth factors which are secreted by hgh

52
Q

_ hormone’s target tissue is thyroid gland

A

thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotropin

53
Q

stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

54
Q

__ target tissue is ovaries or testes

A

follicle stimulating hormone

55
Q

FSH in males and females

A

females - initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogens

males- stimulates testes to produce sperm

56
Q

__ hormone’s target tissue is ovaries and testes

A

Luteinizing hormone

57
Q

LH in males/females

A

females - stimulates secretion of esttrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum

males- stimulates testes to produce testosterone

58
Q

__ hormone’s target tissue is mammary glands

59
Q

promotes milk secretion by the mammary glands

60
Q

__ hormone’s target tissue is adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

61
Q

stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids by adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

62
Q

__hormone’s target tissue is the brain

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

63
Q

exact role in humans is unknown but may influence brain activity, when present in excess can cause darkening of skin

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

64
Q

another name for antidiuretic hormone

A

vassopressin

65
Q

posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones, but stores and release __ and __ hormones

A

oxytocin and vasopressin(ADH)

66
Q

found in posterior pituitary, type of glial cell, resembling the astrocyte, that associates with the fenestrated capillaries, cell has many branches, pigment vesicles in cytoplasm, round or oval nuclei

67
Q

most common cell type in posterior pituitary

68
Q

the axons of the hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons form the __ in the infundibulum

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

69
Q

__ hormone’s target tissue is uterus and mammary glands

70
Q

stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth, stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection

71
Q

__hormone’s target tissue is kidneys and sudoriferous (sweat) glands, and arterioles

A

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

72
Q

conserves body water by decreasing urine volume, decreases water loss through perspiration, raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles

A

antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin

73
Q

where is pineal gland located

A

diencephalon

74
Q

regulates daily body rhythm, circadian rhythm

A

pineal gland

75
Q

major hormone production of pineal gland

76
Q

pineal gland has 2 cell types

A

pinealocytes(parenchymal cells) 95%

and interstitial (glial) cells

77
Q

major characteristic of pineal gland

A

corpora arenacea (brain sand)

78
Q

another name for adrenal glands

A

suprarenal glands

79
Q

2 parts to the adrenal glands;
1; large area, peripheral, just below capsule, makes up 80-90% of the gland, steroid secreting cells

2; smaller area, centrally located, catecholamine-secreting cells

A

cortex = 1

  1. medulla
80
Q

the __ is the thickest of the 3 adrenal cortex regions, it contains cells that are arranged in long cords/rows

A

zona fasciculata

81
Q

zones of adrenal cortex

A

capsule
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

82
Q

region of adrenal cortex that secretes mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone

A

zona glomerulosa

83
Q

region of adrenal cortex that secretes glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol

A

zona fasciculata

84
Q

region of adrenal cortex that secretes androgens

A

zona reticularis

85
Q

adrenal medulla produces 3 catecholamine hormones, what are they

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
small amount of dopamine

86
Q

modified neuronal cells that receive direct presynaptic sympathetic axon stimulation

A

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

87
Q

regulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism, suppresses the immune system, provides resistence to stress

88
Q

assists in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes, an androgen hormone from zona reticularis

A

DHEA - dehydroepiandrosterone

89
Q

adrenal medulla develops from __cells

A

neural crest cells

90
Q

__ hormone’s target tissue is the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

91
Q

produce effects that enhance those of the sympathetic divison of the autonomic nervous system

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

92
Q

the __ portion of the pancreas; the islets of langerhans, stain pale

A

endocrine portion

93
Q

of the endocrine portion of the pancreas, found throughout pancreas but most numerous in the tail, synthesisizes and secrets hormones

A

islets of langerhans

94
Q

3 principles of langerhan islets found in endocrine portion of pancreas;
1; insulin, cells found towards center of islet

2; Glucagon, cells found towards periphery of islet

3; somatostatin, cells found towards the periphery of islet

A
  1. beta or B cells
  2. Alpha or A cells
  3. Delta or D cells
95
Q

identical to growth hormone-inhibiting hormone from hypothalamus

A

somatostatin

96
Q

lowers blood glucose level as it signals for an acceleration of glucose transport into cells and the conversion of the glucose into glycogen

97
Q

raises blood glucose level as it signals for the acceleration of the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver, thus glucose is released into the blood

98
Q

inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

A

somatostatin

99
Q

contains thyroid follicles surrounded by follicular (simple squamous to low columnar) that are responsible for the production of thyriod hormones

A

thyroid gland

100
Q

__ and __ are important for growth, cell differentiation, and control of basal metabolic rate and oxygen consumption of body cells

101
Q

T4- four atoms of iodine

102
Q

T3- 3 atoms of iodine

A

Tri-Iodothyronine

103
Q

stored in the follicles of thyroid gland, a gel-like mass predominantly composed of __, a large iodinated glycoprotein inactive form of thyroid hormones

A

thyroglobulin

104
Q

in thyroid gland, larger and paler staining than follicular cells, produce calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells or C cells

105
Q

decreases the level of calcium in the blood by encouraging calcium salts to be deposited in bone matrix and inhibits the action of osteoclasts

A

calcitonin

106
Q

2 cells types located in the parathyroid:
1; produce parathyroid hormone, most numerous cells, small, round, centrally located, pale-staining,slightly acidophilic cytoplasm

2; larger cell, VERY acidophillic cytoplasm, more common with age, unknown function

A
  1. chief cells or principle cells

2. oxyphil cells

107
Q

hormone thatt increases the level of calcium in the blood stimulation of osteroclasts to resorb bone which releases calcium into the blood, also acts on kidneys to slow the rate of calcium loss from the blood into the urine

A

parathyroid hormone

Gross Anatomy - Unit 2 (16 decks)

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