Lecture 6 - Digestive System II Flashcards by Luke Lloyd

how many parts of the small intestine and what are they

) duodenum
)Jejunum
)Ileum

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Long length (10ft living/21ft cadaver)
Plicae circulares (submucosa core)
Villi (fingerlike projections of mucosa)
Microvilli (projections of apical membrane of intestinal absorptive cells; striated border)

Small intestine

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Epithelium: Simple columnar epithelium
Absorptive cells (enterocytes)
Goblet cells
Crypts of Lieberkühn (Intestinal Glands)
Tubular glands
Paneth cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Stem cells

mucosa of small intestine

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Small Intestine – Wall Modifications
Mucosa
Epithelium:

Simple Columnar epithelium
Absorptive cells (enterocytes)
Goblet cells

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Small Intestine – Wall Modifications

Mucosa Crypts of Lieberkühn

Tubular glands
Paneth cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Stem cells

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Duodenum – Brunner’s glands (produce alkaline mucous)

submucosa

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Muscularis Externa

Two Layers in small intestine what are they

outer longitudinal and inner circular

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most outer layer of small intestine wall

serosa or adventitia

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25cm in length and begins at the pyloric spinchter of stomach, smallest component of the small intestine

duodenum

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second part of small intestine, about 2.5 meters in length

jejunum

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the longest part of the small intestine, 3.5 meters in length (last part)

ileum

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where does the ileum and the cecum from large intestine meet

ileocecal value - limits reflux

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what kind of muscle is in the ileocecal value

innercircular smooth muscle

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permanent circular folds of the jejunum - with submucosa folds

plicae circulares

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fingerlike projections of muscosa, core of lamina propria- to increase surface area

villi

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core of actin, projections of apical membrane of intestinal absorptive cells, create striated border

microvilli

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core of villi

lamina propria

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core of microvilli

actin

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absorptive cells in the small intestine - have microvilli - and have secrection cells to finish off the 4 macromolecules

enterocytes

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the number of ___ cells increases as you move distally along the small intestine

goblet cells

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tubular glands between villi of small intestine

crypts of lieberkuhn

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exocrine cells, large eosinophillic in their cytoplasm and secret lysomzyme

paneth cells

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cells able to produce hormones to regulate GI tract

enteroendocrine cells

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where do we find brunner’s glands(produce alkaline mucous to neutralize chyme)

duodenum

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jejunum and ileum are covered by

serosa

retroperitunem and parts of the duodenum are surrounded by

adventitia

glands do not pass ___in the small intestine

muscularis mucosa

lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine

lacteal

In the ileum, groups of lymphatic nodules are present in the lamina propria and submucosa. These aggregated lymphatic follicles are referred to as ___,

peyer's patch

specialized epithelial cells in ileum overlying Peyer’s patches.

M cells

area for reabsorption of electrolytes and water

large intestine

important for the formation of feces

large intestine

how do we know we are looking at large intestine

``` No plicae circulares and no villi Teniae coli Haustra Omental appendages Anal columns ```

outer longitudinal smooth muscle group into bands on the surface of large intestine

teniae coli

small pouches caused by sacculation (sac formation), which give the colon its segmented appearance

haustra

small fatty projections of serosa on the large intestine

omental appendages or epiploic appendages

group of cells missing in the large intestine of mucosa

no paneth cells because we wont bacteria

absorptive cells in the large intestine mucosa

colonocytes

in large intestine the outer longitudinal layers group together in all areas except ___,___,____

rectum, anal canal, appendix

``` Mucosa Epithelium: Simple columnar epithelium Crypts of Lieberkühn (Intestinal Glands) Tubular glands Absorptive cells (colonocytes) Goblet cells Enteroendocrine cells Stem cells Lamina propria – lymphoid cells and lymphoid nodules Submucosa Muscularis Externa Two Layers Teniae coli (outer longitudinal) Serosa or Adventitia ```

large intestine wall

throughout most of large intestine you should not see glands in the ___, except for one location =

submucosa anal canal will have some mucous glands in the submucosa

a place where the lympathetic nodules like to hangout in the large intestine - hanging off the cecum - small irregular lumen

vermiform appendix

in the appendix there is no___ but a lot of __

tenia coli lymphatetic nodules -

the most distal portion of the alimentary canal

anal canal

dilated distal portion of the tract with a lot of goblet cells, about 4 cm in length

rectum

anal canal is divided into 3 zones based on

epithelium lining

3 zones of anal canal: _1___ = superior 1/3 simple columnar epithelium ___2__ = middle 1/3, mixed of simple columnar, stratified columnar (or cuboidal), and stratified squamous __3__= inferior 1/3, non-keratinized stratified squamous eipthelium, and at the distal end is another mucocutaneous junction , cells are much thicker (skin)

1= colorectal zone 2= anal transitional zone(ATZ) 3= squamous zone

in the anal canal you know you hit the anal transitional zone when ___ disappears

muscularis mucosea

associated digestive organs : out growths of the epithelium, located outside of the GI tract, connected via ___

pancreas, liver, gallbaldder | connected to Gi tract via ducts specifically the jejunum

elongated gland, head portion lies in the C portion of the duodenum, body, and tail points toward the

pancreas hylem of the spleen

pancreas: 98-99% functions as ___(compound acinar gland - for digestive system 1-2% functions as an __ gland(islets of langerhans) - for endocrine system

98-99% functions as exocrine gland (compound acinar gland) 1-2% functions as an endocrine gland (Islets of Langerhans)

pancreas exocrine cells that synthesize and secret enzymes that are going to lead to __ for digestion, also secret __ to help buffer the chyme

duodenum of small intestine *enzymes are inactive form until it reaches small intestine sodium bicarbonate to buffer chyme(pancreatic juice)

formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. The ampulla is specifically located at the major duodenal papilla

hepatopancreatic duct

produce the enzymes (proteins) of the pancreas

pancreatic acini

endocrine part of pancreas responsible for the production of glucagon, insulin and other hormones

pancreatic islets aka islets of langerhans

part of pancreatic acini, apical portion is full of ___, eosinophillic that contain inactive enzymes and released into the lumen of ___

zyomgen granules intercalated duct

secrete large volumes of sodium bicarbonate in pancreas

intercalated ducts

there are no striated ducts in the

pancreas

The liver receives blood from two sources: __1__;25 % of blood, oxygenated blood __2__; 75% of blood deoxygenated blood with newly absorbed nutrients, drugs, and possible microbes and toxins from the GI tract

1 = proper hepatic artery 2= hepatic portal vein

Where oxygen, most of the nutrients, and certain toxic substances are taken up by the hepatocytes; also where hepatocytes’ products and stored nutrients are secreted back into the blood.

liver sinusoids

the portal vein is draining the __, which is breaking down aged RBC - bilirubin (toxic)

spleen

the main functional cell of the liver

hepatocyte

the liver produces ___ that helps in the digestion of lipids

bile salts

The largest cells lining the liver sinusoids are ____(stellate macrophages); phagocytotic; involved with the breakdown of some damaged or old RBCs that reach the liver from the spleen; derived from monocytes

Kupffer Cells

___ have microvilli that extend into a perisinusoidal space (space of Disse) (i.e. the space between the endothelial cells and hepatocytes).

Hepatocytes

(also known as Ito cells) are found in the perisinusoidal space; these cells store hepatic vitamin A.

hepatic stellate cells

blood supply to the liver is a

portal triad

a classic hepatic globule, how many sides and corners? what is located on the corners

6 sides and 6 corners portal triad areas - on the corners center is central vein

a __ is going to be bringing blood into classic hepatic globule,

portal triad

A portal triad consists of; __1__, an arteriole branch of the hepatic artery that supplies oxygen __2___, , with blood rich in nutrients but low in oxygen __3__ branches of the bile conducting system.

1 proper hepatic artery 25% 2 hepatic portal vein a venule branch of the portal vein 75% 3 one or two small bile ductules of cuboidal epithelium,

can hold up to 30-50ml of bile, storage location for bile and concentrate it,

gallbladder

__ (rokitansky aschoff sinuses) result of growth of epithelium and bacteria can get stuck here causing infections leading to gallstones

deep diverticula