Lecture 5 - Digestive system I

Question 1

the digestive system consists of

Answer 1

the alimentary canal

and associated or accessory digestive organs

Question 2

AKA gastrointestinal track - consists of the mouth, most of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Answer 2

the alimentary canal

Question 3

consists of the tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Answer 3

assocaited/accessory digestive organs

Question 4

these organs come in direct contact with food and help to physically break it down

Answer 4

tongue, teeth

Question 5

these organs produce or store secretions that will reach the digestive tract via ducts;never come in contact with food directly, secretions for chemical breakdown of food

Answer 5

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Question 6

a continuous hollow tube that varies in diameter from mouth to anus, about 9 meters or 30 feet in cadaver but shorter in living people

Answer 6

alimentary canal

Question 7

things in stomach and alimentary canal are inside or outside of the body

Answer 7

outside - have to cross epithelial lining to be considered inside of the body

Question 8

bringing in of food/liquid inside the mouth

Answer 8

ingestion

Question 9

glands and cells of the GI tract ____ about 7 liters of water, HCL,etc.

Answer 9

secretion

Question 10

moving food from one place to another, and helping physcially break down of food

Answer 10

mixing and propulsion

Question 11

the physcial breakdown of food from large pieces to smaller, creates surface area

Answer 11

mechanical digestion

Question 12

bonds are broken and enzymes are used to break down macromolecules to micromolecules

Answer 12

chemical digestion

Question 13

moving broken down macromolecules across epithelium lining into the body

Answer 13

absorption

Question 14

90% of absorption takes place ____

10% takes place

Answer 14

small intestine

large intestine/stomach

Question 15

waste products and getting rid of undigested food

Answer 15

defecation of feces

Question 16

GI tract selective against things crossing epithelium lining

Answer 16

barrier

Question 17

Processes of GI tract- first line of defense

Answer 17

immunologic protection

Question 18

also referred to as the oral or buccal cavity, is bound by the cheeks, hard and soft palates, tongue, and floor

Answer 18

the mouth

Question 19

are fleshy folds that surround the opening of the mouth and contain the orbicularis oris muscle

Answer 19

lips or labia

Question 20

the____ are the location of a mucocutaneous junction

Answer 20

lips

Question 21

The oral cavity opens into the oropharynx through an opening called the

Answer 21

fauces

Question 22

part of the oral cavity; between the lips and teeth and between the cheeks and teeth.

Answer 22

vestibule

Question 23

part of the oral cavity; superior border is the hard and soft palates; inferior border is the tongue and floor of the mouth; the posterior border in the entrance into the oropharynx; all other borders are the teeth

Answer 23

oral cavity proper

Question 24

99.5% water and 0.5% solutes

average secretion of 1000ml/day to 1500ml/day

Answer 24

saliva

Question 25

Moisten oral mucosa Moisten dry foods Provide medium for food materials to dissolve so they can chemically stimulate taste buds Buffer contents of oral cavity (bicarbonate and phosphate ions) Contains amylase that partially breaks down starch (i.e. polysaccharide

Answer 25

saliva's protective and digestive roles

Question 26

connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus | passageway for food and air

Answer 26

pharynx

Question 27

has respiratory epithelium and some stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 27

pharynx

Question 28

the pharynx behind the nasal cavity and oral cavity are divided regionally into the ____(found posterior to the nasal cavity), the ______(posterior to oral cavity), and the _______ (begins at the level of the superior border of the upright epiglottis and opens into the esophagus and larynx).

Answer 28

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

Question 29

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium air passageway only superior to soft palate; when swallowing the soft palate and the uvula move superiorly to close off the nasopharynx.

Answer 29

nasopharynx

Question 30

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium air and food passageway posterior to oral cavity; between level of soft palate to the epiglottis.

Answer 30

oropharynx

Question 31

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium air and food passageway laryngopharynx is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx; extends from an upright epiglottis to the larynx.

Answer 31

laryngopharynx

Question 32

wall structure of the alimentary canal from the lumen outward

Answer 32

``` 1.Mucosa ~Lining epithelium ~Lamina propria ~Muscularis mucosae 2.Submucosa 3.Muscularis externa 4.Serosa or Adventitia ```

Question 33

wall structure of the alimentary canal, Mucosa - lining epithelium -nonkeratinized stratifirf squamous epithelium? Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 33

NKSSE - protective role simple columnar - absorption and secretion

Question 34

wall structure of the alimentary canal, Mucosa - lamina propria,

Answer 34

loose connective tissues, GALT

Question 35

wall structure of the alimentary canal, Mucosa- muscularis musosae

Answer 35

smooth muscle tissue - contraction

Question 36

wall structure of the alimentary canal, Submuscoa

Answer 36

dense irregular connective tissue, meissner's plexus

Question 37

part of the innervation of the GI tract, located in the submuscosa, controls secretion cells

Answer 37

meissner's plexus

Question 38

wall structure of the alimentary canal - muscularis externa

Answer 38

smooth muscle (inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer) myenteric nerve plesus (Auerbach's PLexus - contraction and relaxtion of SM

Question 39

can be thickened to form sphincters or valves

Answer 39

smooth muscle inner circular layer of muscularis externa (3 of wall structure)

Question 40

wall structure of the alimentary canal - serosa or adventitia

Answer 40

serosa - mesothelium and loose connective tissue, visceral peritoneum adventita- loose connective tissue, outside peritoneum cavity

Question 41

Mucosa - Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Submucosa Muscularis externa - varies; skeletal muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue Serosa or Adventitia Mucous Glands: Esophageal glands (proper) - ___ Esophageal cardiac glands - _____

Answer 41

esophagus ``` Esophageal glands (proper) - submucosa Esophageal cardiac glands - lamina propria ```

Question 42

collapsable muscular tube about 10 inches long, and connects laryngopharynx to the stomach, found ___ to trachea

Answer 42

esophagus (T10) found posterior

Question 43

esophagus muscularis externa; upper 1/3?lower 1/3? middle 1/3

Answer 43

upper 1/3 - skeletal muscle lower 1/3 - smooth muscle middle 1/3 mixed

Question 44

esophageal cardiac glands help protect against

Answer 44

gastric reflex

Question 45

J-shaped enlargement of GI tract

Answer 45

stomach

Question 46

gross anatomical subdivisons of stomach

Answer 46

Cardia Fundus Body Pylorus

Question 47

first portion of the stomach where food enters

Answer 47

cardia of stomach

Question 48

collects gases of stomach

Answer 48

fundus

Question 49

where most of the food hangs out

Answer 49

body of stomach

Question 50

last portion of the stomach , 2 areas.

Answer 50

pylorus | pyloric antrium and pyloric canal(sphincter)

Question 51

folds of the stomach for expansion when food enters

Answer 51

rugae

Question 52

Histological subdivisions of stomach:

Answer 52

Cardia – cardiac glands; primarily mucous Fundus/Body – fundic glands contain cells that secrete HCl and pepsin Pylorus – pyloric glands; primarily mucous

Question 53

Mucosa - Simple columnar epithelium - Surface mucous cells Gastric pits which lead to glands (simple branched tubular glands) Submucosa ``` Muscularis Externa Three layers of smooth muscle Outer longitudinal Middle circular Inner oblique ``` Serosa

Answer 53

stomach wall modifications

Question 54

Simple columnar epithelium Surface mucous cells Gastric pits which lead to glands (simple branched tubular glands)

Answer 54

mucosa of the stomach (wall)

Question 55

Cardiac glands | Primarily mucous

Answer 55

cardia of stomach

Question 56

Pyloric glands | Primarily mucous

Answer 56

pylorus of stomach

Question 57

Contain cells that secrete HCl and pepsinogen (pepsin) | Three Parts: Isthmus, Neck, & Base

Answer 57

fundic glands of stomach

Question 58

required for the uptake of vitamin B12

Answer 58

intrinsic factor of parietal cell of fundic glands of the stomach

Question 59

contain zymogen cells that produce proteins

Answer 59

chief cells of fundic glands of stomach (pepsinogen)

Question 60

what do G cells secrete

Answer 60

hormone gastrin