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Veterinary Immunology > Lecture 8 - Triggers of Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Triggers of Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

2 Rs of adaptive immunity

A

recognize and respond to almost all foreign macromolecules present in invading microbe

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2
Q

Antigens

A

foreign macromolecules in invading microbe

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3
Q

Antigenicity

A

inherent capacity of molecule to be recognized by immune system

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4
Q

Microbial antigens (3)

A
  1. bacterial antigens
  2. viral antigens
  3. fungi, protozoan parasites, arthropods, helminths
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5
Q

Non-microbial antigens

A
  1. cell surface antigens
  2. autoantigens
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6
Q

Examples of bacterial antigens

A
  1. peptidoglycans
  2. lipotechoic acid
  3. LPS
  4. lipoproteins
  5. capsular antigens (K)
  6. Pili (F)
  7. flagellar antigens (H)
  8. porins
  9. HSP
  10. exotoxins
  11. bacterial nucleic acids
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7
Q

Viral structure

A

nucleic acid surrounded by protein layer

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8
Q

Capsid

A

viral protein layer that surrounds nucleic acid core

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9
Q

Capsomere

A

subunits that make up capsid

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10
Q

What are good viral antigens

A

capsid proteins

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11
Q

What type of viral antigens can provoke adaptive immunity

A

viral proteins expressed on the surface of infected cells

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12
Q

What are other microbial antigens that can trigger adaptive immunity

A

structural components of many fungal pathogens, protozoan parasites, arthropods, and helminths

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13
Q

Microbial antigenicity vary and the adaptive response triggered ….

A

may not always be sucessful in protecting animal / eliminating invader

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14
Q

Non microbial antigens specific examples

A
  1. FOOD may trigger immune response and cause allergic reaction
  2. inhaled dust may have pollen grains
  3. blood-group antigens (glycoproteins)
  4. tissue graft reejction in genetically different individuals is triggered by histocompatibility antigens
  5. autoantigens
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15
Q

Autoantigens

A

induce autoimmune response, thyroglobulin, myelin, mitochondrial proteins, ect

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16
Q

3 characterisitics of best antigens

A

large, complex, and foreign

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17
Q

What reduces antigenicity

A

excessive or insufficient stability

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18
Q

Ability of an antigen to elicit immune response also depends on:

A
  1. route of administration
  2. amount of antigen adminstered
  3. genetic makeup of immunized animal
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19
Q

What antigens have the greatest antigenicity

A

large

20
Q

What can increase the intensity of the immune response

A

greater the difference between foreign antigen and animal’s own antigens

21
Q

Why do animals not recognzie self proteins

A

B-cells and T-cells that have the potential to recognize the self-proteins are eliminated from the body

22
Q

What is directly proportional to its antigenicity

A

structural complexity

23
Q

What specific antigens tend to be poorly antigenic

A

large repeating polymers such as lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates

24
Q

Why do flexible molecules such as flagellin and gelatin make poor antigens

A

BCR and antibodies cannot recognize unstable molecules that change conformation

25
Q

How to increase antigenicity of flexible molecules

A

stabilizing by cross-linking

26
Q

Why are antigens that are enzymatically broken down too quickly not antigenic

A

not enough time for recognition by BCRs and to be presented by APC

27
Q

Why are simple polysaccarides such as starch and glycogen poor antigens

A

readily digested

28
Q

In order to elicit an immune response, a molecule must

A

be degradable within APCs

29
Q

Why are plastics and stainless steel generally NOT antigenic

A

large organic molecules that make up plastics form uniform repeated polymers which are very inert

30
Q

What happens to inert molecules

A

cannot be broken down and presented to TCR to initiate an immune response

31
Q

In general, what makes best antigens

A

large, complex proteins

32
Q

What can large polysaccarides be complexed with to be highly antigenic

A

proteins

33
Q

What immune response do glycoproteins illicit

A

antibodies are directed specifically against the polysaccharide moiety of the molecule

34
Q

Why are lipids and nucleic acids poor antigens

A

readily degradable

35
Q

What nucelic acids are antigenic

A

in nucleoproteins bc the NA is lined to the carrier nucleoprotein

36
Q

Epitope/antgenic determinant

A

specific regions on large molecules against which immune responses are directed

37
Q

immunodominant epitope

A

in a complex protein molecule, multiple epitopes are recognized by the immune system.

38
Q

There is about 1 epitope per __ kDa of protein

A

5

39
Q

If small molecules are chemically linked to a large protein molecule, ….

A

new epitopes will be formed on surface of large molecule and the complex will trigger immune response

40
Q

Haptens

A

small molecules that can function as epitopes only when bound to other larger molecules

41
Q

Carrier

A

antigenic molecule to which the haptens are attached

42
Q

Toxic component of poison ivy that can bind to any protein it contacts

A

urushiol

43
Q

PAthway of poison ivy allergiy contact dermatitis

A
  1. urushiol binds with skin proteins of person who rubs against plant
  2. modified skin proteins are treated as foreign and attacked by lymphocytes
  3. allergic contact dermatitis
44
Q

Cross-reactivity of antigens

A

Identical or similar epitopes may sometimes be found on apparently unrelated molecules. Antibodies directed against one antigen may thus react with an unrelated antigen.

45
Q

examples of cross-reactivity of antigens

A
  1. bacterial or food antigen carrying epitode for blood group glycoprotein
  2. Brucella abortus and some strains of Yersinia enterocolitica
  3. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and virus of pig transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)

Veterinary Immunology (20 decks)

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