Lecture 1 - Introduction to Immunology Flashcards
Which immunity has no memory?
innate
Which immunity has memory?
adaptive
Which immunity is non-specific?
innate
Which immunity is specific?
adaptive
Which immunity is rapid?
innate
Which immunity is slow?
adaptive
The body’s defenses is a complex interacting network of ______
biochemical and cellular reactions
Which immunity recognizes PAMPs and DAMPs
innate
Which immunity leads to inflammation
innate
Which immunity depends on antigen capture and processing
adaptive
Which immunity relies on T/B cell activation
adaptive
List the basic steps of innate immunity
microbial invasion->recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs->inflammation->pathogen elimination
List the basic steps of adaptive immunity
microbial invasion->antigen capture and processing->T/B cell activation->pathogen elimination and immunology memory
Which is the first line of defense and which is the backup?
innate; adaptive
What is tolerance in regards to adaptive defense?
B cells/T cells don’t react to self antigens
Which immunity can enhance the other?
adaptive enhances innate
List the 5 components of the innate immune system?
- Physical/chemical barriers
- phagocytic and sentinel cells
- Complement system
- Innate defense cytokines
- Natural killer cells
List the 2 basic components of adaptive defense.
- humoral immunity (antibodies)
- cell mediated immunity
List the 4 physical/chemical barriers of the innate immune system
- epithelial barriers (skin, mucus membranes)
- normal microflora- natural competition for space and resources
- Acid environment in stomach
- antimicrobial peptides
What do phagocytic cells do?
ingest and kill pathogens
List 2 examples of phagocytic cells
neutrophils and macrophages
What do sentinel cells do
resident tissue cells that detect invasion by recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs
List 3 examples of sentinel cells
dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells
What is the complement system in innate defense
Enzyme cascade system of 20-30 proteins in blood plasma with antimicrobial activity
What is the downside of the complement system
potent; harmful if not regulated
What are the advantages of the complement system
rapidly induced after invasion, mutliple mechanisms for controlling infection
What are cytokines
protein messenger molecules that can act on other cells or the cell that produced it
What are teh 3 types of innate defense cytokines
- proinflammatory cytokines
- chemokines
- interferons
What are proinflammatory cytokines
secreted by sentinel cells in response to PAMPs and DAMPs
What do proinflammatory cytokines cause
fever, lethargy, loss of appetite
What are the 3 examples of proinflammatory cytokines
IL-1, IL-6, TNF
What are chemokines
cause cells to migrate to sites of infection, some are produced by sentinel cells
What are interferons
interferes with replication of some viruses
What cells produce interferons
virally infected cells
What are NK cells
lympcyte that is part of innate immunity
What do NK cells kill
virus infected cells and tumor cells
How do NK cells determine which cells to kill
recognize and kill cells that do not express normal proteins
What is humoral immunity
antibodies
What are the 3 components of cell mediated immunity
- T-helper cells
- cytotoxic T cells
- Gamma delta T cells
How did humoral immunity get its name
transfer of body ‘humors’ from protected animal to naive animal could provide protection
what cells produce antibodies
B cells or B lymphocytes
What is another name for antibody
immunoglobulun
Examples of immunoglobulin
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE
How did cell mediated immunity (CMI) get its name
transfer of cells from protected animal to naive animal could provide protection
How are T cells divied in CMI
based on T cell receptors
What are the 2 types of T cells in CMI
- alpha-beta T cells
- gamma delta T cells
What are examples of alpha beta T cells
- T helper cells
- cytotoxic T cells
2 major types of cells in adaptive immunity
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
What are the cells in adaptive defense that recognize antigens?
antigen-presenting cells
To what cells do APCs present antigens?`
MSCs
What are 3 types of APCs
- dendritic cells
- Macrophages
- B-cells
What does immunulogic memory mean in adaptive defense
adaptive immune system remembers specific antigen and produces and stronger immune response the second time
Why is tolerance in adaptive immune system important
Protecting self from immune system- makes sure immune cells don’t recognize own proteins