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Veterinary Immunology > Lecture 3 - Early Recognition of Foreign Invaders > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Early Recognition of Foreign Invaders Flashcards

1
Q

What cells recognize alarm signals?

A

sentinel cells

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2
Q

What do sentinel cells have that recognize alarm signals?

A

pattern recognition receptors

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3
Q

Alarm signals are generated by what 2 things

A
  1. invading microorganisms (PAMPs)
  2. dead or dying host cells (DAMPs or Alarmin)
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4
Q

What are exogenous signals

A

PAMPs

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5
Q

What are endogenous signals

A

DAMPs or Alarmins

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6
Q

Recognition of pathogens by sentinel cells leads to activation of …

A

innate immune system

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7
Q

What are PAMPS

A

conserved molecular structures or patterns that occur in a diverse range of potential microbial invaders

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8
Q

Examples of PAMPs

A
  1. bacterial lipopolysaccharides
  2. bacterial peptidoglycans
  3. bacterial DNA
  4. viral nucleic acids
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9
Q

What is another name for LPS

A

endotoxin

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10
Q

What bacteria have LPS

A

gram-negative

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11
Q

What bacteria have peptidoglycan

A

gram-positive

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12
Q

Why is bacterial DNA a PAMP

A

its unmethylated

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13
Q

What is the PAMP in gram-negative bacteria

A

LPS

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14
Q

What is the PAMP in gram-positive bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

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15
Q

What is the PAMP in acid fast bacteria

A

mycolic acid

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16
Q

When are intracellular DAMPS generated

A

released when cells die

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17
Q

When are extracellular DAMPs generated

A

connective tissue is damaged

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18
Q

Why might damaged mitochondria from dead host cells be recognized as bacteria?

A

DNA resembles bacterial DNA, which is rich in unmethylated CpG

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19
Q

Examples of extracellular DAMPs

A

-hyaluronic acid
-heparan sulfate
-fibrinogen
-collagen-derived peptides
-fibronectin
-laminin
-elastin

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20
Q

Examples of intracellular DAMPs

A

-HMGB1
-uric acid
-chromatin
-andenosine
-galectin
-S100 proteins
-cathelicinds
-defensins
-N-formyl peptides
-lactoferrin
-heat-shock proteins

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21
Q

What is an important intracellular DAMP

A

HMGB1

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22
Q

What is the main affect of HMGB1?

A

inflammation; tissue damage

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23
Q

What is the adverse effect of too much HMGB1

A

shock

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24
Q

What types of PRRs soluble

A

-collectins
-ficolins
-complement
-pentraxins

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25
What PRRs are within vesicles
-TLR 3, 7, 8, 9
26
Whaat PRRs are cytoplasmic
-Rig-1 -NOD-like -peptidoglycan receptors -DNA receptors
27
What PRRs are membrane-bound
-TLRs -Lectins -Mannose receptor -Langerin -Dectins -Scavenger receptors -intergrins
28
What are the most important PPRs
TLRs
29
What type of receptors are TLRs
transmembrane proteins
30
List the 3 PRR receptors
1. toll-like receptors 2. retinoic acid inducible gene (RIG)-1like receptors 3. nucelotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs)
31
What do TLRs play a critical role in sensing?
bacteria, fungi, viruses
32
What do TLRs located on the cell surface recognize?
extracellular invaders such as bacteria and fungi
33
What do TLRs located within cells recognize
intracellular invaders such as viruses
34
How many TLRs do mammals possess
10-12
35
What TLR do humans and cattle have
TLR1-TLR10
36
What TLR do mice have
TLR 1-13 EXCEPT TLR10
37
What are the cell surface TLRs
1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12
38
What do cell surface TLRs recognize
bacterial and fungal proteins, lipoproteins, and LPS
39
What do intracellular TLRs recognize
viral and bacterial nucleic acids
40
What are the intracellular TLRs
3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13
41
TLR1 ligand
triacylated lipoprotein
42
TLR2 ligand
lipoproteins
43
TLR3 ligand
dsRNA
44
TLR4 ligand
LPS
45
TLR5 ligand
flagellin
46
TLR6 ligand
diacylated lipoprotein
47
TLR7 ligand
ssRNA, guanosine
48
TLR8 ligand
ssRNA
49
TLR9 ligand
CpG DNA, dsDNA
50
TLR10 ligand
regulates TLR2 responses
51
TLR11 ligand
profilin and flagellin
52
TLR12 ligand
profilin
53
TLR13 ligand
unmethylated RNA
54
TLR1 pathogens recognized
bacteria
55
TLR2 pathogens recognized
bacteria, viruses, parasites
56
TLR3 pathogens recognized
viruses
57
TLR4 pathogens recognized
bacteria, viruses
58
TLR5 pathogens recognized
bacteria
59
TLR6 pathogens recognized
bacteria, viruses
60
TLR7 pathogens recognized
viruses, bacteria
61
TLR8 pathogens recognized
viruses, bacteria
62
TLR9 pathogens recognized
viruses, bacteria, protozoa
63
TLR10 pathogens recognized
suppresses inflammation
64
TLR11 pathogens recognized
protozoa, bacteria
65
TLR12 pathogens recognized
protozoa
66
TLR13 pathogens recognized
bacteria
67
What receptors bind to HMGB1
RAGE
68
What is the signal cascade when LPS binds to a TLR
upregulate caspase 1 to act on ProTNF, ProIL-1, Pro-IL6 to turn into active form
69
Why is IBD common in GSDs?
single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR4/5 genes are common in GSDs, which reduces ability to defend against bacterial invasion resulting in predisposition to enteric infections
70
What do RIG-1-like receptors recognize
viral dsRNA
71
What happens after RLRs are activated
activate caspase and trigger signaling pathways, leading to production of type 1 interferons (IFN)
72
What do NOD1 receptors recognize
bacterial peptidoglycans
73
What do NOD2 receptors recognize
muramyl dipeptide and serves as a general sensor of intracellular bacteria
74
What does binding to NLR activates?
NF-B pathway and triggers production of proinflammatory cytokines
75
What does NOD2 also trigger production of
defensins
76
What are defensins
antimicrobial proteins

Veterinary Immunology (20 decks)

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