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Veterinary Immunology > Lecture 2 - Cells and Tissues of the Immune System > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Cells and Tissues of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a leukocyte

A

white blood cell

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2
Q

what is a lymphocyte

A

type WBC (T cell, B cells, NK cell)

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3
Q

What type of nucleus do granulocytes have

A

polymorphonuclear; mutli-lobed nucleus

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4
Q

What type of nucleus do mononuclear cells have

A

single rounded nucleus

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5
Q

Examples of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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6
Q

Examples of mononuclear cells

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

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7
Q

Which mononuclear cells are phagocytic

A

monocytes

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8
Q

Which mononuclear cells are not phagocytic

A

lymphocytes

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9
Q

What cells are important in blood clotting

A

platelets

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10
Q

What percentage of WBCs in circulation are basophils

A

0.5%

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11
Q

What granulocytes take up acid dyes

A

eosinophils

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12
Q

What granulocytes take up little dye

A

neutrophils

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13
Q

What granulocytes take up basic dyes

A

basophils

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14
Q

What is the half-life of basophils

A

1-2 days

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15
Q

What are granules in basophils filled with

A

inflammatory mediators

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16
Q

What type of infections are basophils important in

A

allergy and parasitic infections (secondary to eosinophils)

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17
Q

What granulocytes may be mast cell precursors

A

basophils

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18
Q

What percentage of WBCs in circulation are eosinophils

A

1-3%

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19
Q

What is the half-life of eosinophils

A

30 minutes

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20
Q

What are granules in basophils filled with

A

potent mediators (major basic protein and eosinophilic cationic protein) capable of killing parasites

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21
Q

How long do eosinophils live in tissues

A

couple of weeks

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22
Q

What are eosinophils important in controlling

A

extracellular parasites

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23
Q

What percentage of WBCs in circulation are monocytes?

A

3-7%

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24
Q

What is the half life of monocytes

A

1-2 days then migrate to tissue and differentiate into a macrophage

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25
Q

What WBCs are found in most tissues and are extremely important in immune response

A

macrophages

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26
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into

A

macrophages

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27
Q

How are macrophages important in the immune response?

A
  1. phagocytosis and killing of bacteria
  2. presentation of antigen by APCs on MHC II
  3. secretion of cytokines
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28
Q

Major role of cytokines

A

major role in inflammation and immune response

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29
Q

What is the order of how WBCs arrive at infection

A

neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages

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30
Q

What is a sign of chronic infection

A

accumulation of monocytes/macrophages at the site of infection

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31
Q

What % of WBC in circulation are neutrophils

A

55-90%

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32
Q

Half life of neutrophils in general

A

1-2 days

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33
Q

Half life of neutrophils in blood

A

8-10 hrs

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34
Q

How often are neutrophils replaced by new ones

A

2.5x per day

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35
Q

What spends a lot of energy making neutrophils

A

bone marrow

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36
Q

What are the first responders to infection and how fast do they arrive in substantial numbers

A

neutrophils, within 4 hours

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37
Q

Where do neutrophils exit the blood stream

A

at the site of infection

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38
Q

What do neutrophils do after arriving at the site of infection

A

accumulate in large numbers to ingest and kill the pathogen

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39
Q

What increases the production of neutrophils

A

bone marrow in response to bacterial infection

40
Q

What is neutrophilia

A

increase in number of neutrophisl

41
Q

What is commonly seen in animals with bacterial infections

A

neutrophilia

42
Q

How is pus formed

A

neutrophils attack and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria and fungi, and die in the process

43
Q

What is neutropenia

A

lower than normal numbers of neutrophils in the blood stream

44
Q

What is commonly seen in animals with viral infections

A

neutropenia

45
Q

What % of WBCs in circulation are lymphocytes

A

20-35%

46
Q

What are types of lymphocytes

A

B cells, T cells, NK cells

47
Q

HAlf life of lymphocytes

A

120 days

48
Q

Where do lymphocytes circulate

A

between blood and lymphoid tissues searching for antigens

49
Q

What is unique about lymphocytes

A

they circulate between blood and lymphoid tissues searching for antigens; other WBC stay in tissues once exiting blood

50
Q

What lymphocytes can’t be distinguished morphologically

A

naive B and T cells

51
Q

When do B and T cells die

A

when they do not come into contact with their antigen they recognize

52
Q

What happens when B and T cells meet their antigen

A

they get activated and some differentiate into memory cells

53
Q

What is a cognate antigen

A

the antigen B and T cells are looking for

54
Q

What do guard cells under epithelial cells do

A

recognize pathogens and secrete cytokines that act on endothelial cells->start showing receptors->signal neutrophils

55
Q

What are important for regulating leukocytic traffic

A

endothelial cells

56
Q

Wha are addressins

A

adhesion molecules on endothelial cells that allow circulating leukocyte to know where they are in body

57
Q

When are addressin upregulated

A

during infection to faciliate binding of neutrophils to the endothelial cells and their subsequent exit to the site of infection

58
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into

A

macophages and dendritic cells

59
Q

All immune cells originate from …

A

bone marrow

60
Q

What are the three lineages of immune cells

A
  1. erythroid
  2. myeloid
  3. lymphoid
61
Q

Erythroid lineage

A

RBCs, platelets

62
Q

Myeloid lineage

A

monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, some dendritic cells, mast cells

63
Q

What cells are important in initiation of immune response

A

myeloid dendritic cells

64
Q

lymphoid lineage

A

B cells, T cells, NK cells, some dendritic cells

65
Q

What myeloid cells are released in a mature state

A

granulocytes

66
Q

What myeloid cells migrate to tissues and mature

A

dendritic cells

67
Q

What myeloid dendritic cells are important to initiating immune response

A

sentinel cells and APC

68
Q

What myeloid cells leave bone marrow and mature in tissues and live from weeks to months and are important in parasitic infection and allergies

A

mast cell precursors

69
Q

What types of infection are mast cell precursors important for

A

parasitic

70
Q

T lymphocytes are released immature from bone marrow as pre-T cells and go to the ______ to mature

A

thymus

71
Q

In the thymus, a T cell receptor is generated by _____

A

DNA rearrangement

72
Q

What happens if the newly generated receptor recognizes antigen in thymus?

A

its eliminated

73
Q

What happens if the newly generated receptor recognizes MHC molecule bu tnot antigen?

A

T cell matures and goes to secondary lymphoid tissue

74
Q

B lympocytes are released immature from bone marrow as pre-B cells, which mature in _____??

A

primary lymphoid tissue

75
Q

Where do B lymphocytes in birds mature?

A

Bursa of Fabricius

76
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature in mammals?

A

bone marrow

77
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature in ruminants

A

Peyer’s patch at ileocecum

78
Q

Where does B cell develop its receptor (BCR)

A

primary lymphoid tissue

79
Q

What happens if the BCR recognizes an antigen during development

A

its eliminated

80
Q

What happens if the BCR DOES NOT recognize an antigen during development

A

it matures and goes to secondary lymphoid tissues

81
Q

Why are NK cells released in the mature state

A

bc they are part of innate immune system

82
Q

Where are NK cells released from

A

bone marrow

83
Q

How do NK cells differ from B and T cells

A

not antigen specific

84
Q

Which lymphoid cells have no memory

A

NK cells

85
Q

When does differentiation in secondary lymphoid organ occur

A

when mature, naive B or T cell meets its antigen

86
Q

What do B cells differentiate into

A
  1. effector plasma cells that secrete antibody
  2. memory cells which are long lived clones of the cell
87
Q

What do T cells differentiate into

A

effector cells or memory cells

88
Q

What is the first step of differentitation

A

clonal expansion of lymphocytes (mitosis)

89
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus, Bursa, Peyer’s patches, bone marrow

90
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs

A

tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, bone marrow

91
Q

What type of Peyer’s patches do Group I have

A

small dots in jejunum and long strip in ileum

92
Q

What type of Peyer’s patches do Group II have

A

small dots in both jejunum and ileum

93
Q

What increases chances of lymphocyte meeting its antigen

A

secondary lymphoid tissue

94
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

lymphocyte rich tissue connected to lymphatic system, where adaptve immune response to lymph-borne antigen is initiated

95
Q

What is spleen

A

site for adaptive immune response to blood borne antigens

96
Q

What is MALT

A

mucosal associated lymphoid tissue, where adaptive immune response to antigens invading from the mucosal surfaces is initiated

97
Q

Which way do primed vs naive lymphocytes go?

A

primed- towards tissue fluid
naive- towards lymph nodes

Veterinary Immunology (20 decks)

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