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Veterinary Immunology > Lecture 16 - Mucosal Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Mucosal Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Why is mucosal immunity important to a small animal practice

A
  1. KC
  2. coronavirus
  3. Influenza
  4. FeLV/FIV
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2
Q

Why is mucosal immunity important to a farm animal practice

A
  1. BVD
  2. BRD (shipping fever)
  3. mastitis
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3
Q

Why is mucosal immunity important to an equine practice

A
  1. strangles
  2. herpes
  3. salmonella
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4
Q

Mucosal immunity can be broken into what 6 subdivision

A
  1. physical barrier
  2. clearance mechanisms
  3. Physiologic adaptations
  4. chemical defenses
  5. enzymatic proteins
  6. antimicrobial peptides
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5
Q

Physical barrier can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. Mucus - physicochemical
  2. normal epithelium
  3. flora
  4. keratin plug (mammary gland)
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6
Q

Clearance mechanisms can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. Peristalsis
  2. Phagocytosis- neutrophils and macrophages
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7
Q

Physiological adaptations can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. secretions
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8
Q

Chemical defenses can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. superoxide
  2. nitric oxide
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9
Q

Enzymatic proteins can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. lysozyme
  2. complement cascade proteins
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10
Q

Antimicrobial peptides can be broken in what subdivisions

A
  1. iron binding proteins (lactoferrin, transferrin)
  2. Small cationic hydrophobic peptides
  3. Inducible or constitutive
  4. synergy may occur betweem different peptides
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11
Q

What are the 3 main mucosal surfaces

A
  1. intestinal
  2. respiratory
  3. urogenital
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12
Q

List the parts of the respiratory tract in order of particles that may enter (largest to smallest)

A

upper respiratory tract (15 um), bronchi (10 um), bronchioles (5 um), alveoli (1 um)

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13
Q

What are the physical barriers and clearance mechanisms in the respiratory tract

A
  1. turbinates
  2. mucociliary apparatus
  3. alveolar macrophages
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14
Q

What are the physical barriers and clearance mechanisms in the mammary gland

A
  1. keratin
  2. milk
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15
Q

What are the physical barriers and clearance mechanisms in the genitourinary tract

A
  1. mucus
  2. lactic acid
  3. urine
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16
Q

What are the physical barriers and clearance mechanisms in the GIT

A

peristalsis

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17
Q

Physiologic adaptation in the gastric barrier

A

pH

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18
Q

Physiologic adaptation in bile secretions

A

inactivate some viruses and bacteria

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19
Q

Physiologic adaptation in epithelium

A

turnover

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20
Q

Physiologic adaptation in mucus

A

entrapment

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21
Q

Physiologic adaptations/chemical
defenses for microflora

A
  1. competition
  2. by-products
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22
Q

Physiologic adaptations/chemical
defenses for chemical defenses

A
  1. super oxide
  2. nitric oxide
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23
Q

Physiologic adaptations/Enzymes that are protein inhibitors

A
  1. lactoferrin
  2. lysozyme
  3. interferon
  4. complement
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24
Q

Physiologic adaptations/Enzymes that are antimicrobial peptides

A
  1. small cationic hydrophobic peptides
  2. inducible or constituitive
  3. synergy with other peptides
  4. defensins, cathelicidins, lectins
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25
Q

Where is the site of the common mucosal immune response for the adaptive response

A

Peyer’s patches

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26
Q

Intestinal mucosal adaptive response
1. Antigen crosses ______
* ____ or other mechanism
2. ______ process and present antigen
3. ____ activation in _______
4. Cells leave inductive tissue via _____
5. Can travel to ______
* Mucosal lymphocytes will home to mucosa due to _________

A
  1. intestinal barrier, M-cell
  2. APCs
  3. T/B, regional lymphoid tissue
  4. lymphatics
  5. distant lymphoid tissue; adhesion molecules, chemokines
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27
Q

What is inductive sites in mucosal adaptive response

A

where antigen is processed and B/T cells are activated

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28
Q

What are the inductive sites associated with the mucosal adaptive response

A
  1. GALT
  2. BALT/NALT for respiratory (don’t have M cells)
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29
Q

Where is antigen sampling in the inductive site

A

from lumen not afferent lymph

30
Q

What are the components of inductive sites

A
  1. dome (M cells)
  2. follicle
  3. para-follicular region
31
Q

What are M (microfold) cells responsible for

A

transcytosis of antigens across gut epithelium and release to APCs at basal surface

32
Q

2 sites of mucosal adaptive immune response

A
  1. inductive sites
  2. effector sites
33
Q

What are effector sites

A

where antibodies and cell-mediated responses are mounted

34
Q

Where are effector sites

A
  1. lamina propria of GIT, respiratory, repro
  2. secretory glandular tissue
  3. peyer’s patches; most in diffuse lymphoid nodules
35
Q

Examples of secretory glandular tissue

A
  1. lacrimal
  2. salivary
  3. mammary
36
Q

What can activated B and T cells in effector sites do

A

relocate and express effector function

37
Q

What do adhesion molecules and chemokines do to mucosal B and T cells

A

direct lymphocytes to specific tissues

38
Q

What are examples of adhesion molecules and chemokines that home B and T cells to epithelial surfaces

A
  1. L-selectin
  2. a4B7 integrin
  3. CCL25 chemokines
39
Q

B-cells that originate in ____________ travel to lymphoid follicles for expansion then migrate to ________

A
  1. inductive tissue
  2. lamina propria
40
Q

What do B cells secrete and which predominates

A
  1. IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE
  2. IgA- 80% of plasma cells in body
41
Q

What is the secretory product for mammary gland

A

IgG1, serum derived

42
Q

IgG1 has selective transfer via what receptor

A

FcRn

43
Q

Secretory IgA is a ____ product

A

dimeric

44
Q

Where is the majority of IgA produced

A

epithelial surface

45
Q

What is IgA complexed with in plasma cells to form dimeric product

A

J-chain

46
Q

Where is IgA secreted

A

at baso-lateral surface of epithelial cells

47
Q

What does IgA do after binding to poly-Ig receptor

A

transported to apical surface via endocytic

48
Q

What happens after IgA is transported to apical surface via endocytic vesicle

A

poly-Ig receptor is then cleaved and IgA is secreted

49
Q

What localizes IgA to mucus

A

residual secretory piece

50
Q

What does residual secretory piece do

A

localizes IgA to mucus

51
Q

The poly Ig receptor complex is resistant to

A

bacterial proteolysis

52
Q

IgA excludes pathogens by 3 distinct mechanisms at mucosal surfaces

A
  1. in lamina propria can bind pathogens
  2. within epithelial cells can bind viruses
  3. within lumen can bind pathogens
53
Q

What do IgE and IgG serve as

A

second line of humoral defense

54
Q

What serves as the second line of humoral defense

A

IgE and IgG

55
Q

Why are IgE and IgG the second line of humoral defense

A

used for pathogens that avoid IgA exclusion

56
Q

Where are IgE secreting cells found

A

mainly on body surfaces

57
Q

What leads to an intensified immune response

A

mast cell degranulation

58
Q

What does intensified immune response lead to

A

increased flow of blood rich in IgG

59
Q

In the cell mediated response the majority of T cells are

A

CD8+

60
Q

CD8+ T cells recirculate continuously between …

A

epithelilal surfaces and bloodstream

61
Q

Where are CD8+ T cells found

A

in lamina propria and beneath/between enterocytes

62
Q

What are T cells that are within epithelial layer called and what can they do

A

intra-epithelilar lymphocytes called (IELs); most are yG, can respond directly to antigen

63
Q

Why are IEL yG CD8-/CD4- T cells in GIT unique

A

-recognize antigen directly without processing, secrete IFN-y in response
-recognize specialized MHC Ib molecules expressed on stressed cells, binds NKG2D receptor, apoptosis, repair

64
Q

What infections can affect mucosal surfaces

A
  1. feline rhinotracheitis
  2. bovine rhinotracheitis
  3. coronavirus
  4. influenza
65
Q

Systemic vaccination leads to ___ response

A

IgG

66
Q

What leads to IgG response

A

systemic vaccination

67
Q

What response is ideal to stimulate

A

IgA

68
Q

How can we stimulte IgA response

A
  1. apply high levels to surface- consider feed additives
  2. live attenuated vaccines
69
Q

What do live attenuated vaccines do

A

lead to infections at mucosal surface and IgA response

70
Q

What are 2 live attenuated vaccines

A
  1. coronavirus- ineffective in positive cats
  2. Strangles vaccine

Veterinary Immunology (20 decks)

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