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ANAT > Lecture 8 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Which vertebrae does the trachea span? How many cartilages are there

A

C6-T5

16-20

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2
Q

The trachea has cartilages posteriorly, true or false?

A

False

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3
Q

What is the posterior surface of the trachea flattened by

A

Oesophagus

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4
Q

What are the anterior relations of the trachea? (5)

A

Fascia, muscles of neck, manubrium, braciocephalic and common carotid arteries

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5
Q

What is lateral to the trachea?

A

Lungs

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6
Q

What do the trachea branch into and in turn?

A

Principle bronchi, then lobar bronchi

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7
Q

The right bronchi is longer and thinner than the left, true or false?

A

False

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8
Q

The right bronchi gives rise to 3 lobar bronchi true or false?

A

True

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9
Q

The right superior lobar bronchus arises within the substance of the lung, true or false?

A

False

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10
Q

Where does the right superior lobar bronchus enter the substance of the lung?

A

Hilum of the lung posterior to the pulmonary artery at T5

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11
Q

Where does the remaining right principle bronchus enter?

A

Posteroinferior to the artery and just below superior lobar bronchus

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12
Q

Where does the left principal bronchus enter the hilum

A

At T6

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13
Q

The left principal bronchus enters the hilum branched, true or false?

A

True

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14
Q

Where does the left principal bronchus enter the hilum?

A

Below the artery

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15
Q

What do the lobar bronchi divide into?

A

Segmental bronchi

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16
Q

At what point does the cartilage disappear in the branching?

A

When the diameter is smaller than 1mm and these are called bronchioles

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17
Q

What do bronchioles open into?

A

Alveolar ducts which then open into alveoli

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18
Q

What does the lining of alveoli consist of?

A

Type 1 cells which participate in the blood-air barrier along with numerous capillaries
Type 2 cells which produce surfactant
Wandering macrophages

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19
Q

How do you identify the surface anatomy of the trachea?

A

Identify C6 below prominent spine of C7 and T5 is just below sternal angle

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20
Q

How many pleural cavities are there?

A

2, one for each lung

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21
Q

How would you describe how the lungs invaginate the closed cavities?

A

Like a fist in a balloon

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22
Q

Name the two pleura

A

Visceral and parietal

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23
Q

What does the visceral pleura cover?

A

The outer surface of the lungs including the fissure

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24
Q

What is the loose sleeve called that is formed by the parietal pleura adjacent to the medial surface of each lung?

A

Pulmonary ligament

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25
Q

What does the pleural space contain?

A

A film of serous fluid which allows the pleura to slide over each other

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26
Q

What is the root of lung

A

Structures that enter and leave the lung

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the root of the lung?

A

Only attachment of the lungs so they can stretch and recoil freely

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28
Q

What are pleural recesses?

A

Regions where parietal pleura are in contact

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29
Q

Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

The angle between thoracic cage and diaphragm

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30
Q

Where is the costomediastinal recess?

A

Medially between ribcage and mediastinum

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31
Q

The visceral pleura is sensitive to pain, true or false

A

False

32
Q

Why is the parietal pleura pain sensitive? (which nerves supply it)

A

Branches of the intercostal and phrenic nerves

33
Q

What is the anterior border of each lung shaped by?

A

The costodiaphragmatic recess

34
Q

What is the posterior border of the lung shaped by?

A

The vertebral column and is rounded

35
Q

Why do the two lungs differ in shape and size?

A

The heart protrudes more into the left pleural cavity

36
Q

What impressions are on the medial surface of the right lung

A

Azygos, right subclavian artery, SVC, heart (right atrium)

37
Q

Which fissure does the left lung usually have

A

oblique

38
Q

What does the lower anterior border of the left lung also have

A

cardiac notch above a tongue of superior lobe tissue, the lingula

39
Q

What impressions are on the medial surface of the left lung

A

aorta, left subclavian, left common carotid, heart (left and right ventricles)

40
Q

How can the lobes be further divided?

A

Into the branches of the lobar bronchi

41
Q

What comprises the root of lung

A

pulmonary arteries and veins, bronchial arteries and veins, lymph vessels, bronchi and nerves

42
Q

What happens to the pleura at the hilum?

A

The parietal pleura is reflected to cover the lung as visceral pleura

43
Q

What do large hilar lymph nodes contain?

A

Dark particles in old people or those exposed to contaminated air

44
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the apex of each lung

A

Supraclavicular region - level of the clavicle and lateral to sternocleidomastoid

45
Q

What vessels are involved with the trachea

A

Inferior thyroid vessels

46
Q

Which lymph nodes are associated with the trachea and where do they drain?

A

Pretracheal, paratracheal which drain into the deep cervical nodes

47
Q

What provides the oxygenated supply of blood to the lungs and where do they originate?

A

Small bronchial arteries from the descending aorta

48
Q

What vessels drain the lungs and into what major vein?

A

Bronchial veins into either pulmonary veins or azygos system

49
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the lung

A

2 networks of vessels, subpleural and deep

50
Q

What does the deep lymph drainage follow?

A

Blood vessels and bronchi

51
Q

Where are the lymph nodes of the bronchi concentrated?

A

Bifucations

52
Q

What is the path of lymph drainage

A

Along the bronchi to hilus, receiving subpleural and ultimately to the bronchomediastinal trunks

53
Q

What forms the pulmonary plexus

A

Vagus and sympathetic trunk

54
Q

What are the major muscles of inspiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

55
Q

What are the major muscles of expiration

A

Internal, innermost intercostals and muscles of the abdominal wall

56
Q

What direction are the ribs pulled in during quiet inspiration and why?

A

Upwards and outwards due to contraction of the external intercostal muscles and contraction/downward movement of the diaphragm.

57
Q

Why does air flow into lungs

A

Pressure reduction due to enlargement of pleural cavity

58
Q

What other muscles are recruited during deep inspiration

A

neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid and scalene), muscles of upper limb (pectoralis major & minor, serratus anteiror) and quadratus lumborum

59
Q

What motion do the external intercostals and diaphragm perform during quiet expiration

A

Relax and move upwards

60
Q

What else enhances the upward movement of the diaphragm

A

Pressure from abdominal viscera which are forced upwards by abdominal muscles

61
Q

What extra muscles are recruited during forced expiration

A

internal and immernost intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles (anterolateral abdominal wall -external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominus).

62
Q

How are the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles attached to the ribcage

A

Superiorly to the lower part of the ribcage and inferiorly to the pelvic bone

63
Q

What is the external nose comprised of?

A

Bony and cartilaginous framework covered with skin and muscle

64
Q

How many conchae are on the internal lateral wall of each nostril?

A

3 with the superior one being the smallest

65
Q

What are the posterior openings of the nose into the nasopharynx called?

A

Choanae

66
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses drain into?

A

Nasal cavity

67
Q

Where does air pass through in the upper respiratory system

A

Nasopharynx into oropharynx and laryngopharynx

68
Q

Where do the nasolacrimal ducts drain tears from and to?

A

From the medial corner of the eye to an opening under the inferior concha

69
Q

Where do the auditory tubes open into?

A

The lateral walls of the nasopharynx and they connect to the air filled middle ear and mastoid process

70
Q

What is the lowest part of the pharynx and where does it become the oesophagus?

A

laryngopharynx and at C6

71
Q

What determines where air flow in the larynx goes?

A

Epiglottis and vocal folds

72
Q

When does the epiglottis close?

A

During swallowing

73
Q

What nerves control the movement of the laryngeal muscles?

A

Recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus

74
Q

What are the three tonsils of the upper respiratory passage and what are they associated with

A

pharyngeal tonsil - posterior wall of the nasopharynx
lingual tonsil - posterior tongue
palatine tonsils - paired in oral cavity

75
Q

What lymphatic tissue do the upper respiratory tonsils form

A

gut associated lymphatic tissue

76
Q

What nerve is associated with the trachea?

A

Vagus

ANAT (17 decks)

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