Lecture 5 - Arteries

Question 1

What are some functions of anastamoses

Answer 1

Temperature
Blood pressure regulation
Directing blood flow according to need e.g. alimentary mucosa

Question 2

Alimentary arteriovenous anastamoses are usually open when nutrients are being absorbed

Answer 2

False, usually closed to direct blood into the capillaries

Question 3

What is control of blood flow through anastamoses probably under

Answer 3

Sympathetic control via network of sympathetic nerves in walls of anastomosis

Question 4

What are the three types of anastamoses

Answer 4

Artery to artery
Vein to vein
Artery to vein

Question 5

What are examples of artery to artery anastamoses

Answer 5

Inferior and superior epigastric arteries
Vaginal and ovarian arteries
In fetus where ductus arteriosis (ligamnetum arteriosum) connects the root of left pulmonary artery and arch of aorta so that blood bypasses non-functioning lungs

Question 6

What is an example of vein to vein anastamoses

Answer 6

Cardiac veins

Question 7

What is an example of an artery to vein anastamoses

Answer 7

Erectile tissue in penis

Alimentary mucous membrane

Question 8

What is a portal system + example

Answer 8

Where a vein or arteriole connects two capillary networks

Hepatic portal vein connecting capillaries of intestine to liver sinusoids/capillairies

Question 9

What do systemic arteries do

Answer 9

Carry oygenated blood under pressure from the heart to body

Question 10

What do pulmonary arteries do

Answer 10

Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs

Question 11

What is the arterial supply of lungs

Answer 11

Bronchial arteries arising from the thoracic aorta

Question 12

Why do arteries need vasa vasorum

Answer 12

Thick walls of arteries are nourished to some extend by oxygenated blood in the lumen. However thick walls are a barrier to diffusion and outer parts have their own supply

Question 13

What do vasa vasorum look like

Answer 13

Tracery of fine purple threads on outer surface of arteries

Question 14

Why do arteries not have valves

Answer 14

Because blood flow is adequately directed by pressure from the heart

Question 15

What are the exceptions to arteries not having valves

Answer 15

Valves at orifices of aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 16

What are two types of nerves associated with arteries

Answer 16

Vasomotor nerves - penetrate adventitia and are mostly sympathetic to control contraction of muscle in wall
Hitchhikers - remain outside adventitia and use artery to reach other organs

Question 17

What kind of fibres accompany both vasomotor and hitchhikers

Answer 17

Sensory fibres

Question 18

Where do the pulmonary trunks arise from

Answer 18

Right ventricle

Question 19

What is the pulmonary trunk divided into

Answer 19

Left and right pulmonary arteries

Question 20

What is the ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 20

A fibrous remnant of an embryonic vessel (ductus arteriosus)

Question 21

What did ductus arteriosum join

Answer 21

Root of left pulmonary artery to the inferior surface of the arch of aorta

Question 22

What is the right pulmonary artery posterior and anterior to

Answer 22

Posterior - aortic arch and SVC

Anterior - trachea and bronchi

Question 23

What is the left pulmonary artery anterior to

Answer 23

Descending aorta and left principle bronchus

Question 24

How many pulmonary veins drain into which atrium

Answer 24

2 from each lung usually

Left atrium

Question 25

Pulmonary veins have valves true or false

Answer 25

False

Question 26

What are the four regions of the aorta

Answer 26

Ascending Arch Thoracic or descending Abdominal

Question 27

All systemic arteries arise either directly or indirectly from the aorta true or false

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What are the branches of the ascending aorta

Answer 28

Left and right coronary arteries

Question 29

What are the branches of the right coronary artery

Answer 29

Right marginal branch | Posterior interventricular branch

Question 30

Where does the right coronary artery run

Answer 30

Right atrioventricular groove or coronary sulcus

Question 31

What are the branches of the left coronary artery

Answer 31

Anterior interventricular Left Marginal Circumflex

Question 32

The left and right coronary arteries anastamose variably at the apex true or false

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What are the branches of the aortic arch

Answer 33

Right - brachiocephalic trunk | Left - left subclavian artery and common carotid

Question 34

What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk

Answer 34

Right subclavian and common carotid

Question 35

What are the branches of the descending aorta

Answer 35

Posterior intercostal arteries | Anterior branches to bronchi, lungs, oesophagus, mediastinum and pericardium

Question 36

What are the branches of the abdominal arteries

Answer 36

``` 2 x inferior phrenic 1 x coeliac trunk 2 x middle suprarenals 1 x superior mesenteric artery 2 x renal artery 2 x gonadal artery 1 x inferior mesenteric artery 4 x lumbar artery 1 x medial sacral artery 2 x common iliac artery ```

Question 37

What are the branches of the coeliac trunk

Answer 37

Left gastric Splenic Common hepatic arteries

Question 38

What are the branches of the inferior phrenic arteries

Answer 38

Superior suprarenal

Question 39

What are the branches of the renal arteries

Answer 39

Inferior suprarenal

Question 40

What are the two branches of the common iliac arteries

Answer 40

Internal iliac artery | External iliac artery

Question 41

What are the branches of the external iliac artery

Answer 41

Inferior epigastric artery | Deep circumflex iliac

Question 42

What does the internal iliac artery supply

Answer 42

Pelvis

Question 43

What does the external iliac artery become after passing the femoral canal

Answer 43

Femoral artery

Question 44

Where does the internal thoracic artery arise from

Answer 44

Subclavian artery

Question 45

What direction does the internal thoracic artery run

Answer 45

Posterolateral sides of sternum outside parietal pleura

Question 46

What adjacent thoracic structures does the internal thoracic artery provide branches to

Answer 46

``` Pericardiophrenic (to phrenic nerve and pericardium) Thymic Sternal Mediastinal Pericardial ```

Question 47

Which three branches of the internal thoracic artery anastomose with posterior intercostal and bronchial arteries and what does it form

Answer 47

1. Sternal, mediastinal and pericardial | 2. Subpleural mediastinal plexus

Question 48

What does the subpleural mediastinal plexus supply

Answer 48

Perforating (to skin) | To upper 6 anteiror intercostal spaces

Question 49

What do the internal thoracic arteries terminate in

Answer 49

Musculophrenic artery | Superior epigastric artery

Question 50

What does the musculophrenic artery supply

Answer 50

Diaphragm and 7th-9th intercostal spaces

Question 51

What does the superior epigastric artery run behind

Answer 51

Rectus abdominus

Question 52

What do the superior and inferior epigastric arteries supply

Answer 52

Blood to anterior abdominal wall

Question 53

What does the sternal angle mark on the aorta

Answer 53

Underside of arch

Question 54

Where does the brachiocephalic trunk arise from

Answer 54

Behind centre point of manubrium

Question 55

Where do the internal thoracic arteries arise from

Answer 55

Subclavian arteries about 2cm above sternoclavicular joint

Question 56

Where do the internal thoracic arteries run

Answer 56

Behind costal cartilages about 1cm lateral to the margins of the sternum

Question 57

Where does the SMA arise

Answer 57

Level of transpyloric plane/L1

Question 58

Where does the coeliac trunk arise compared to the SMA

Answer 58

1cm above

Question 59

Where does the IMA arise

Answer 59

L3 (3-4cm above aortic bifucation)

Question 60

Where does the aorta divide into common iliac arteries

Answer 60

L4 (about level with highest point of iliac crest of umbilicus anteriorly)