Lecture 4 - Heart

Question 1

What does pericardium do?

Answer 1

Line pericardial sac or cavity

Question 2

What is the pericardium divided into?

Answer 2

Fibrous and serous

Question 3

What is serous pericardium split into

Answer 3

Parietal and Visceral

Question 4

Parietal pericardium is pain sensitive true or false

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What is another name for visceral serous pericardium which covers the heart

Answer 5

Epicardium

Question 6

What separates the two layers and its function

Answer 6

A small amount of fluids

Lubricates the surfaces during movements of the heart

Question 7

What are the two circulations of the heart

Answer 7

Pulmonary and systemic

Question 8

What are the walls predominantly made of?

Answer 8

Cardiac muscle

Question 9

What is the heart lined with and what is it made of

Answer 9

Endocardium

Endothelium plus a small amount of underlying connective tissue

Question 10

What are valves + their function

Answer 10

Folds of endocardium with a fibrous core

Partly controls flow

Question 11

What are the 3 surfaces of the heart

Answer 11

Sternocostal
Posterior
Diaphragmatic

Question 12

What are the 3 borders of the heart

Answer 12

Right, superior and left + apex

Question 13

What is the name of the anterosuperior appendage of the right atrium

Answer 13

Right auricle

Question 14

What vessels does the right atrium receive systemic circulation via

Answer 14

SVC
IVC
Coronary sinus (60%)
Vena cordis minumae and anterior cardiac veins

Question 15

What is the fossa ovalis

Answer 15

Closed over remnant of embryonic opening between atria (foramen ovale)

Question 16

What is the raised edge of the fossa

Answer 16

Limbus

Question 17

What is the structure outside the heart which corresponds with the crista terminalis

Answer 17

Sulcus terminalis

Question 18

The posterior lining of the right atrium is rough true or false

Answer 18

False

Question 19

What is on the anterior of the right atrium

Answer 19

Roughly parallel pectinate muscles which run into crista terminalis

Question 20

The right atrioventricular valve is bicuspid true or false

Answer 20

False

Question 21

What are the leaflets of the right atrioventricular valve joined to

Answer 21

Chorda tendinae attached to 3 papillary muscles in right ventricle

Question 22

What is the right ventricle lined with

Answer 22

Trabecular carnae (muscular folds)

Question 23

What is the exception of the muscular right ventricle

Answer 23

Infundiculum on left below opening of right pulmonary trunk

Question 24

What is an exception to the left atrium being posterior?

Answer 24

The left auricle

Question 25

How many pulmonary veins does the left atrium receive

Answer 25

3-4

Question 26

The left atrium is completely smooth true or false

Answer 26

False, the auricle has pectinate muscles

Question 27

The left ventricle has the thickest wall true or false?

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What separates the left and right ventricles

Answer 28

Interventricular septum and a small part which is atrioventricular septum

Question 29

What is the exception to the left ventricle muscular walls?

Answer 29

Smooth membranous part close to aortic opening (where the wall of the left ventricle is contiguous with wall of right atrium)

Question 30

How many leaflets does the aortic valve have?

Answer 30

3

Question 31

How many leaflets does the pulmonary trunk have?

Answer 31

3

Question 32

The grooves which the coronary vessels run in are not fatty true or false?

Answer 32

False

Question 33

What is the name of the sulcus or groove which contains the right coronary artery

Answer 33

Coronary sulcus or atrioventricular groove

Question 34

Where does the coronary sulcus run?

Answer 34

Between atria from ventricles and extends all around the heart

Question 35

What is the coronary sulcus deep to?

Answer 35

Both pulmonary trunk and aorta but can be traced elsewhere

Question 36

What are two other grooves of the heart

Answer 36

Anterior interventricular groove, posterior interventricular

Question 37

Where is the right border of the heart

Answer 37

At the vertical level of the right margin of the sternum

Question 38

Where is the apex of the heart

Answer 38

At the intersection of left mid clavicular line and fifth intecostal space

Question 39

What are the valves in the heart below

Answer 39

A line joining the third left and sixth right costal cartilages

Question 40

What are the first branches of the ascending aorta

Answer 40

Left and right coronary arteries

Question 41

What do the coronary arteries arise from

Answer 41

Aortic sinuses (expansions)

Question 42

There are no arterial anastamoses true or false

Answer 42

False, but not adequate to provide rapid collateral circulation in the case of sudden coronary blockage

Question 43

What comprises the venous drainage of the heart?

Answer 43

60% - three groups of veins - great, middle and small which drain into coronary sinus and ultimately into right atrium 40% - venae cordus minumae, anterior cardiac veins and some others

Question 44

Where do the anterior cardiac veins drain into?

Answer 44

Right atrium

Question 45

Where do the vena cordus minumae drain?

Answer 45

Into all chambers

Question 46

What does the great cardiac vein drain? Run?

Answer 46

Left atrium and both ventricles | Anterior interventricular sulcus

Question 47

Where does the small cardiac vein drain? Run?

Answer 47

Right atrium and some right ventricle | Coronary sulcus

Question 48

What does the middle cardiac vein drain? Run?

Answer 48

Ventricles | Posterior interventricular groove

Question 49

There are venous anastamoses true or false?

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What does the pacemaker system consist of

Answer 50

Modified cardiacmuscle fibres

Question 51

What does the pacemaker system control

Answer 51

Intrinsic contraction | Neural influences adapts the intrinsic rhythm to functional needs

Question 52

Where is the sinoatrial node

Answer 52

Anterolateral wall of right atrium just below the opening of the SVC

Question 53

Why does the sinoatrial node appear pale

Answer 53

It is associated with fat

Question 54

How does the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node communicate?

Answer 54

Unmodified cardiac muscle fibres

Question 55

Where is the atrioventricular node

Answer 55

In interatrial septum below opening of coronary sinus

Question 56

What is the atrioventricular node in direct communication with

Answer 56

Atrioventricular bundle

Question 57

What does the atrioventricular bundle consist of

Answer 57

2 bundles of specialised cardiac muscle (purkinje fibres in subendocardium)

Question 58

Where do the bundles of cardiac muscles go to supply?

Answer 58

Left and right ventricle papillary muscles and ventricle walls

Question 59

What is systole, diastole

Answer 59

Contraction | Relaxation

Question 60

What does the cardiac plexus originate from

Answer 60

Fine branches from upper sympathetic trunk and vagus

Question 61

What does the sympathetic input of the heart do? Parasympathetic?

Answer 61

Increase rate and force of contraction | Decrease rate and force of contraction

Question 62

What do phrenic nerves do in the heart

Answer 62

They pass through fibrous pericardium and carry sensory fibres from serous parietal pericardium

Question 63

What is the lymph drainage of the heart

Answer 63

A plexus of small vessels throughout the heart drain into either right or left cardiac collecting trunks then into left bronchomediastinal trunk.