Lecture 4 - Heart Flashcards
What does pericardium do?
Line pericardial sac or cavity
What is the pericardium divided into?
Fibrous and serous
What is serous pericardium split into
Parietal and Visceral
Parietal pericardium is pain sensitive true or false
True
What is another name for visceral serous pericardium which covers the heart
Epicardium
What separates the two layers and its function
A small amount of fluids
Lubricates the surfaces during movements of the heart
What are the two circulations of the heart
Pulmonary and systemic
What are the walls predominantly made of?
Cardiac muscle
What is the heart lined with and what is it made of
Endocardium
Endothelium plus a small amount of underlying connective tissue
What are valves + their function
Folds of endocardium with a fibrous core
Partly controls flow
What are the 3 surfaces of the heart
Sternocostal
Posterior
Diaphragmatic
What are the 3 borders of the heart
Right, superior and left + apex
What is the name of the anterosuperior appendage of the right atrium
Right auricle
What vessels does the right atrium receive systemic circulation via
SVC
IVC
Coronary sinus (60%)
Vena cordis minumae and anterior cardiac veins
What is the fossa ovalis
Closed over remnant of embryonic opening between atria (foramen ovale)
What is the raised edge of the fossa
Limbus
What is the structure outside the heart which corresponds with the crista terminalis
Sulcus terminalis
The posterior lining of the right atrium is rough true or false
False
What is on the anterior of the right atrium
Roughly parallel pectinate muscles which run into crista terminalis
The right atrioventricular valve is bicuspid true or false
False
What are the leaflets of the right atrioventricular valve joined to
Chorda tendinae attached to 3 papillary muscles in right ventricle
What is the right ventricle lined with
Trabecular carnae (muscular folds)
What is the exception of the muscular right ventricle
Infundiculum on left below opening of right pulmonary trunk
What is an exception to the left atrium being posterior?
The left auricle
How many pulmonary veins does the left atrium receive
3-4
The left atrium is completely smooth true or false
False, the auricle has pectinate muscles
The left ventricle has the thickest wall true or false?
True
What separates the left and right ventricles
Interventricular septum and a small part which is atrioventricular septum
What is the exception to the left ventricle muscular walls?
Smooth membranous part close to aortic opening (where the wall of the left ventricle is contiguous with wall of right atrium)
How many leaflets does the aortic valve have?
3
How many leaflets does the pulmonary trunk have?
3
The grooves which the coronary vessels run in are not fatty true or false?
False
What is the name of the sulcus or groove which contains the right coronary artery
Coronary sulcus or atrioventricular groove
Where does the coronary sulcus run?
Between atria from ventricles and extends all around the heart
What is the coronary sulcus deep to?
Both pulmonary trunk and aorta but can be traced elsewhere
What are two other grooves of the heart
Anterior interventricular groove, posterior interventricular
Where is the right border of the heart
At the vertical level of the right margin of the sternum
Where is the apex of the heart
At the intersection of left mid clavicular line and fifth intecostal space
What are the valves in the heart below
A line joining the third left and sixth right costal cartilages
What are the first branches of the ascending aorta
Left and right coronary arteries
What do the coronary arteries arise from
Aortic sinuses (expansions)
There are no arterial anastamoses true or false
False, but not adequate to provide rapid collateral circulation in the case of sudden coronary blockage
What comprises the venous drainage of the heart?
60% - three groups of veins - great, middle and small which drain into coronary sinus and ultimately into right atrium
40% - venae cordus minumae, anterior cardiac veins and some others
Where do the anterior cardiac veins drain into?
Right atrium
Where do the vena cordus minumae drain?
Into all chambers
What does the great cardiac vein drain? Run?
Left atrium and both ventricles
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Where does the small cardiac vein drain? Run?
Right atrium and some right ventricle
Coronary sulcus
What does the middle cardiac vein drain? Run?
Ventricles
Posterior interventricular groove
There are venous anastamoses true or false?
True
What does the pacemaker system consist of
Modified cardiacmuscle fibres
What does the pacemaker system control
Intrinsic contraction
Neural influences adapts the intrinsic rhythm to functional needs
Where is the sinoatrial node
Anterolateral wall of right atrium just below the opening of the SVC
Why does the sinoatrial node appear pale
It is associated with fat
How does the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node communicate?
Unmodified cardiac muscle fibres
Where is the atrioventricular node
In interatrial septum below opening of coronary sinus
What is the atrioventricular node in direct communication with
Atrioventricular bundle
What does the atrioventricular bundle consist of
2 bundles of specialised cardiac muscle (purkinje fibres in subendocardium)
Where do the bundles of cardiac muscles go to supply?
Left and right ventricle papillary muscles and ventricle walls
What is systole, diastole
Contraction
Relaxation
What does the cardiac plexus originate from
Fine branches from upper sympathetic trunk and vagus
What does the sympathetic input of the heart do? Parasympathetic?
Increase rate and force of contraction
Decrease rate and force of contraction
What do phrenic nerves do in the heart
They pass through fibrous pericardium and carry sensory fibres from serous parietal pericardium
What is the lymph drainage of the heart
A plexus of small vessels throughout the heart drain into either right or left cardiac collecting trunks then into left bronchomediastinal trunk.
