Lecture 1 - Anterolateral Thoracic Walls

Question 1

Thoracic vertebrae have superior facets facing anteriorly true or false?

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Lumbar vertebrae have inferior facets facing laterally true or false?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What differentiates thoracic vertebra from cervical vertebra?

Answer 3

The absence of an opening in transverse process in thoracic vertebra. (Foramen transversum)

Question 4

What do intervertebral discs consist of?

Answer 4

Central nucleus pulposis and peripheral annulus fibrosis

Question 5

What ligaments join vertebral bodies?

Answer 5

Intervertebral ligaments

Question 6

What does the sternum consist of?

Answer 6

Manubrium, body and xiphoid process

Question 7

Which ribs are true ribs?

Answer 7

1-7

Question 8

What defines true ribs?

Answer 8

The costal cartilages articulate directly with the sternum

Question 9

Which ribs are false ribs?

Answer 9

8-10

Question 10

What defines false ribs?

Answer 10

The costal cartilages articulate with margin of costal cartilage above

Question 11

Which ribs are floating + the exception

Answer 11

11-12 and sometimes 10

Question 12

Which ribs are considered atypical

Answer 12

Ribs 1, 2, 11 and 12

Question 13

Which plane is the typical rib flattened in compared to ribs 1 and 2

Answer 13

Anterior/posterior vs

Superior/inferior

Question 14

Which end of the rib is roughened?

Answer 14

Anterior/costal

Question 15

What is the groove on the medial side of true ribs for?

Answer 15

Neurovascular bundle

Question 16

What do the head of ribs articulate with?

Answer 16

Body of corresponding vertebra and with body of vertebra above

Question 17

What is the tubercle of the rib for?

Answer 17

Has smooth facet for articulation with transverse process of equivalent vertebra and non-auricular part

Question 18

Which groove is anterior on rib 1? Which groove is posterior?

Answer 18

Subclavian vein

Subclavian artery

Question 19

What attaches anterior to the tubercle of rib 1?

Answer 19

Scalenus medius also scalenus anterior

Question 20

What is the tubercle for on rib 2?

Answer 20

Serratus anterior

Question 21

What are synovial joints?

Answer 21

Moveable joints with a joint cavity, lubricated with synovial fluid

Question 22

What are the two joints for articulations for ribs with vertebrae

Answer 22

Costocorporeal and costotransverse

Question 23

What are the articulations of costotransverse joints

Answer 23

Transverse process of equivalent vertebra with rib

Question 24

What are the articulations of costocorporeal joints

Answer 24

Heads of true ribs in general articulate with superior part of body of equivalent vertebra and inferior part of the body of vertebra above

Question 25

Which ribs are exceptions and only articulate with one vertebrae body (4)

Answer 25

1, 10, 11 and 12

Question 26

What are the other joints of the ribs (6)

Answer 26

``` Costochondral Sternocostal/costosternal Interchondral Sternoclavicular Manubriosternal Xiphosternal ```

Question 27

Which joints are non-synovial

Answer 27

Costochondral, manubriosternal and xiphsternal

Question 28

Which sternocostal joint is an exception and not synovial

Answer 28

Rib 1

Question 29

Which last two joints can ossify in old people

Answer 29

Xiphosternal

Question 30

What makes up the thoracic inlet? (4)

Answer 30

Body of T1 Rib 1 Manubrium Dome of parietal pleura

Question 31

What is the thoracic inlet crossed by? (4)

Answer 31

Trachea, oesophagus, nerves and vessels

Question 32

What makes up the thoracic outlet? (6)

Answer 32

``` Body of T12 Ribs 11 and 12 Costal margins Xiphosternal joint Diaphragm ```

Question 33

What is the thoracic outlet crossed by? (4)

Answer 33

Oesophagus, aorta, IVC and nerves

Question 34

What do the external intercostals become anteriorly

Answer 34

External intercostal membrane

Question 35

What do the internal intercostals become posteriorly

Answer 35

internal intercostal membrane

Question 36

What is the orientation of the external intercostals?

Answer 36

Posterosuperior to anteroinferior

Question 37

What is the orientation of the internal intercostals

Answer 37

Anterosuperior to posteroinferior

Question 38

What is the orientation of the innermost intercostals

Answer 38

Same as internal, anterosuperior to posteroinferior

Question 39

Where do the innermost intercostals sit

Answer 39

Just outside the pleura

Question 40

Which bones does the transversus thoracus connect?

Answer 40

Sternum to lower true ribs

Question 41

What is the orientation of the transversus thoracus

Answer 41

Same as external intercostals, posterosuperior to anteroinferior

Question 42

Where are the subcostal muscles?

Answer 42

Posterior lower thorax, approximatley adjacent to the angle of ribs

Question 43

What is the orientation of the subcostal muscles

Answer 43

Parallel to innermost and internal intercostals

Question 44

What does the pectoralis major join?

Answer 44

Sternum and ribs to humerus

Question 45

What does the pectoralis minor join?

Answer 45

Ribs to scapula

Question 46

Where does the external oblique arise from?

Answer 46

Lower 8 ribs

Question 47

Which muscles are used in inspiration?

Answer 47

External intercostals and neck muscles

Question 48

Which muscles are used in expiration?

Answer 48

Internal and innermost intercostals and abdominal muscles

Question 49

What are the posterior intercostal veins tributaries of?

Answer 49

Azygous or hemiazygous

Question 50

What are the anterior intercostal veins tributaries of?

Answer 50

Internal thoracic veins

Question 51

What are the posterior intercostal arteries branches of

Answer 51

Thoracic aorta

Question 52

What are the anterior intercostal arteries branches of

Answer 52

Internal thoracic artery

Question 53

What do the intercostal nerves consist of

Answer 53

ventral rami of mixed spinal nerves

Question 54

What do the intercostal vessels and nerves also supply?

Answer 54

Overlying thoracic skin

Question 55

What is at the sternal angle? (5)

Answer 55

``` Body of T4 Junction of superior and inferior mediastinum Level of underside of arch of aorta Bifurcation of trachea into bronchi Site of second costal cartilage ```

Question 56

What is the xiphosternal joint at the level of

Answer 56

T9 body