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ANAT > Lecture 14 - 16 Pelvis and Perineum > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - 16 Pelvis and Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the pelvis (2)?

A

Weight bearing

Attachment of lower limbs

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2
Q

Where does the head of the femur attach?

A

Acetabulum

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3
Q

What does the pelvis consist of?

A

2 x hip bones
1 x sacrum
1 x coccyx

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4
Q

Where do the pair of hip bones join anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

A - Pubic symphysis

P - Sacrum

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5
Q

What are the three parts of the pelvis?

A

Ilium, ischium and pubis

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6
Q

Where is the junction of the parts of the pelvis?

A

Acetabulum

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7
Q

What is the greater cavity surrounded by?

A

Ilium and upper sacrum

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8
Q

What is the lesser cavity surrounded by?

A

Soft tissue of pelvic floor

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9
Q

What is the pelvic brim/inlet

A

The junction between the greater and lesser pelvis

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10
Q

What is the function of the greater and lesser trochanter

A

They are where muscles that move the thigh outwards attach at the hip joint (abductors)

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11
Q

What does the head of the femur do

A

Create the “ball and socket joint” or hip joint with the pelvis

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12
Q

What are the anterior and posterior ends of the iliac crest?

A

Anterosuperior Iliac Spine

Posterosuperior Iliac Spine

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13
Q

What is the anteroinferior iliac spine adjacent to?

A

The acetabulum

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14
Q

What is the difference between the iliac tuberosity and the tubercle of the iliac crest?

A
  1. site of attachment of interosseous ligament

2. thickening of the central part of the iliac crest

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15
Q

What is the gluteal surface? What is attached to the gluteal surface?

A

Outer posterior surface of the ilum. The gluteal muscles

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16
Q

What is the iliac fossa? What is attached to the iliac fossa?

A

Inner concave surface. Iliacus

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17
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

Cartilaginous

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18
Q

What is attached to the pubic tubercle?

A

Inguinal ligament

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19
Q

What is the pecten pubis and what is attached to it?

A

Sharp side running posteriorly from the pubic tubercle. Lacunar ligament

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20
Q

What is the obturator foramen bound by?

A

The pubis and ilium

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21
Q

What does the inferior pubic ramus join the ischial ramus to form?

A

Ischiopubic ramus

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22
Q

What is at the junction of the ilium and pubis?

A

Ileopubic eminence

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23
Q

What are the features of the ilium? (9)

A
  1. Anteroinferior iliac spine
  2. Anterosuperior iliac spine
  3. Iliac fossa
  4. Tubercle of iliac crest
  5. Iliac tuberosity
  6. Posterosuperior iliac spine
  7. Posteroinferior iliac spine
  8. Gluteal surface
  9. Auricular surface
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24
Q

What are the features of the pubis? (8)

A
  1. Pecten pubis
  2. Pubic tubercle
  3. Body of pubis
  4. Pubic symphysis
  5. Superior pubic ramus
  6. Inferior pubic ramus
  7. Ileopubic eminence
  8. Obturator foramen
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25
Q

What are the features of the ischium?

A
  1. Body
  2. Ischial tuberosity
  3. Ischial spine
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26
Q

What is attached to the ischial tuberosity?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

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27
Q

What is above the ischial tuberosity?

A

Ischial spine

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28
Q

Where is the greater sciatic notch?

A

Between the PIIS and ischial spine

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29
Q

What does the greater sciatic notch transmit?

A

Piriformis

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30
Q

Where is the lesser sciatic notch?

A

Below the ischial spine

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31
Q

What does the lesser sciatic notch transmit? (4)

A
  1. Tendon of obturator internus
  2. Obturator nerve
  3. Internal pudendal vessels
  4. Pudendal nerve
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32
Q

What is the joint formed by the acetabulum and the head of the femur?

A

Acetabulofemoral joint

33
Q

What is the acetabulofemoral joint supported by?

A

Capsule
Ligaments
Some pelvic muscles

34
Q

What is the sacrum made of?

A

Five fused vertebrae

35
Q

What is the median sacral crest?

A

Fused spines of sacral vertebrae

36
Q

What does the anterosuperior margin of the sacrum form?

A

Sacral promontary

37
Q

Does the sacral canal contain spinal cord?

A

No, it ends at L2, but it has spinal nerves + meninges

38
Q

What is joined to the auricular surface of the sacrum?

A

Sacroiliac joint, the roughened area posterior is for the interosseous ligament

39
Q

What is the coccyx

A

4 fused rudimentary vertebrae

40
Q

What is the tip of the coccyx level with?

A

Pubic symphysis

41
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Synovial

42
Q

What are the 3 joints of the pelvis

A
  1. Sacroiliac
  2. Lumbosacral
  3. Acetabulofemoral
43
Q

What are the 7 ligaments of the pelvis

A
  1. Interosseous ligament
  2. Iliolumbar ligament
  3. Sacroiliac ligament
  4. Sacrotuberous ligament
  5. Sacrospinous ligament
  6. Inguinal ligament
  7. Lacunar ligament
44
Q

What stabilises the lumbosacral joint?

A

Iliolumbar ligament which prevents L5 from slipping anteriorly and transmits some of the weight directly to the ilium, by passing the sacroiliac joint

45
Q

What is the interosseous ligament posterior to?

A

Sacroiliac joint

46
Q

What does the iliolumbar ligament join?

A

5th lumbar vertebra to iliac crest

47
Q

Where does the anterior part of the sacroiliac ligaments run?

A

Sacrum to iliac fossa

48
Q

What does the sacrotuberous ligament join?

A

Ischial tuberosity to the sacrum. Also a band which extend upwards to PSIS and PIIS

49
Q

What does the sacrospinous ligament join?

A

Ischial spine to lateral sacrum and coccyx.

50
Q

What is anterior to the sacrospinous ligament?

A

Coccygeus muscle

51
Q

What does the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligament do?

A

Prevent rotation of the sacrum in the vertical plane.

52
Q

What makes up the superior aperture of the lesser pelvis (pelvic brim or inlet)

A
  1. Pubic symphysis
  2. Pubic crest
  3. Arcuate line
  4. Pecten pubis
  5. Sacral promontary
  6. Sacral ala
53
Q

What makes up the inferior pelvic aperture (pelvic outlet)

A
  1. Pubic symphysis
  2. Ischiopubic ramus
  3. Ischial tuberosity
  4. Sacrotuberous ligament
  5. Coccyx
54
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic wall

A

Obturator internus and piriformis

55
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic floor

A

Levator ani and coccygeus

56
Q

What forms the tendinous arch below obturator foramen

A

Obturator fascia

57
Q

What is levator ani comprised of? (4)

A

Iliococcygeus
Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis
Pubovaginalis

58
Q

What are the attachments of iliococcygeus (4)

A
  1. Posterior half of tendinous arch
  2. Ischial spine
  3. Anococcygeal ligament
  4. Coccyx
59
Q

What is pubococcygeus attached to (2)

A
  1. Back of body of pubic bone

2. Anterior half of tendinous arch

60
Q

What is the role of puborectalis

A

Fecal continence

61
Q

What does the puborectalis form

A

A sling around the anorectal junction

62
Q

What does pubovaginalis or LEVATOR PROSTATE form

A

A sling that attaches to the walls of the prostate or vagina which then passes into the perineal body

63
Q

What role does pubovaginalis play

A

Role in urinary contience as it also relates to sphincter urethrae

64
Q

What does the anococcygeal ligament join

A

Coccyx to anal margin

65
Q

What fibres insert into the anococcygeal ligament?

A
  1. Left and right iliococcygeus
  2. Pubococcygeus
  3. Puborectalis
  4. External anal sphincter
66
Q

What does the pelvic diaphragm consist of (3)

A
  1. Levator ani
  2. Coccygeus
  3. Superior and inferior fasciae
67
Q

What are the two divisions of the perineum?

A

Anal triangle and urogenital triangle

68
Q

What are the anal triangle layers from superficial to deep (4.5)

A 
Fatty superifical fossa
Ischiorectal fossa (more lateral)
Pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels
Deep fascia (shared)
(also external anal sphincter)
69
Q

What runs in the ischiorectal fossa

A

Pudendal vessels and nerves which enter it through the lesser sciatic foramen and run in pudendal canal in lateral wall of the fossa

70
Q

What is the origin of the pudendal nerve?

A

Ventral rami S2-4

71
Q

What is the origin of the internal pudendal artery

A

Anterior trunk of the internal iliac

72
Q

What does the internal pudendal vein drain?

A

Penis and inferior rectal vessels

73
Q

Where does the internal pudendal vein drain into?

A

The internal iliac vein

74
Q

What do branches of the pudendal nerve supply (above and below perineum)

A

Above: levator ani, external anal sphincter, lower anal canal
Below: Perineum and dorsal nerve of penis or clitoris

75
Q

What are the layers of the urogenital triangle from superficial to deep?

A

Perineal body
Superficial fascia
Superficial perineal space
Perineal membrane
Deep perineal space or urogenital diaphram
Deep fascia (shared with pelvic diaphragm and urogenital diaphragm)

76
Q

What does the urogenital diaphragm contain?

A

Urethral sphincter and deep transverse perineal muscle

77
Q

What does the superficial perineal space contain?

A
  1. Bulbospongiosis
  2. Ischiocavernous
  3. Superficial transverse perineal muscles
78
Q

What is the perineal body

A

Where fibres from transverse perineal muscles interlace at the midline

ANAT (17 decks)

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