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Theriogenology (Fall 2014) > Lecture 8: Diagnosis of Pregnancy (Macpherson) > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Diagnosis of Pregnancy (Macpherson) Flashcards

1
Q

Methods for pregnancy dx

A
  • behavioral assessment
  • vaginal speculum exam
  • transrectal palpation*
  • transrectal ultrasound*
  • hormonal assays
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2
Q

insensitive indicator of pregnancy**

A

progesterone (can be pregnancy or diestrus!)

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3
Q

vaginal speculum exam

A
  • looks at cervix
  • indicator of progesterone
  • insensitive indicator of preg.
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4
Q

what does cervix under influence of progesterone look like?

A

closed, white, tight

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5
Q

uses/advantages of transrectal palpation

A
  • useful at all stages
  • rapid
  • economical
  • often paired with ultrasound
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6
Q

uses/advantages of ultrasound

A
  • earlier detection of preg.
  • detect twins, EED
  • age estimation
  • fetal sexing
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7
Q

pregnancy dx usually done at what gestation?

A

13-18d

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8
Q

what should you expect to see/feel at 13-18d gestation?

A
  • good tubular tract tone
  • distinct uterine bifurcation
  • active ovaries
  • tightly closed cervix
  • false positives can occur (i.e. uterine cysts diagnosed as vesicles)
  • can NOT palpate vesicle yet
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9
Q

Are mare ovaries active throughout pregn?

A

Y

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10
Q

Dx of twins

A

-ultrasound at 13-15d. If you ultrasound sooner, you may miss a twin pregnancy

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11
Q

synchronous vs. asynchronous ovulation

A

asynchronous: ovulate first follicle, then ovulate second a few days later
- one follicle will be larger than the other
synchronous: ovulate both follicles at the same time

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12
Q

best time to do manual embryo crush. success rate?

A

16-17d (90%)

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13
Q

what should you expect to see/feel at 20-25d gestation?

A
  • toned uterus
  • narrow, elongated cervix
  • rarely detectable with palpation
  • guitar pick shape
  • embryonic heartbeat (DAY 24)
  • ovarian activity
  • capsule lost as vesicle fixes at base of one of the uterine horns
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14
Q

what surrounds embryo at around day 22-40?

A

yolk and allantoic sacs

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15
Q

what should you expect to see/feel at 30-35d gestation?

A
  • toned uterus
  • narrow, elongated cervix
  • Hen’s egg bulge at base of uterine horn
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16
Q

yolk vs. allantoic sac

A

embryo eats yolk sac and excretes waste into allantoic sac

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17
Q

when can you first hear embryonic heartbeat?

A

day 24

18
Q

what should you expect to see/feel at 35-40d gestation?

A
  • good uterine tone
  • narrow, elongated cervix
  • tennis ball-shaped bulge
19
Q

majority of EED occurs by day ___

A

35

20
Q

when is good time to check for EED?

A

day 38.

21
Q

What will you see in EED?

A

membranes separate away, loss of heartbeat.

-ALWAYS re-check to make sure!

22
Q

what should you expect to see/feel at 45-50d gestation?

A
  • good uterine tone
  • narrow, elongated cervix
  • softball shaped vesicle
  • fetus suspended by umbilicus
23
Q

when does embryo become fetus?

A

~40 days

24
Q

endometrial cups

A

trophoblastic structures that form from cells of the chorionic girdle of embryo migrating over to the uterus

  • secrete equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), which causes 2ary CL to secrete additional progesterone to maintain pregnancy
  • form around day 36
25
Q

why do you want to detect twins before form. of endometrial cups?

A

they persist after fetal death and will prevent mare from coming back into heat quickly; makes it hard to re-breed

26
Q

management of fetal twins and success rates

A
  • transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration (30%)
  • cranio-cervical dislocation (60%)
  • transabdominl ultrasound-guided cardiac puncture (60-65%)
27
Q

what should you expect to see/feel at 60d gestation?

A
  • vesicle expands into uterine body
  • small football shape
  • less tone in gravid horn
  • non-gravid horn toned
28
Q

genital tubercle differentiates into:

A
  • external genitalia of female under tailhead (vulv and clitoris)
  • prepuce of male
29
Q

what should you expect to see/feel at 75-120d gestation?

A
  • uterus pulled ventrally
  • size of basketball
  • differentiate from bladder (palpate to cervix)
  • ovaries closer to midline
  • difficult to image transrectally
30
Q

gender ID at how many days?

A

100

31
Q

HR should be what until last 30 days of gestation?

A

75 BPM

32
Q

what should you expect to see/feel at 150-200d gestation?

A
  • uterine descent complete
  • fetal ballottment consistent
  • transabdominal ultrasound approach best
33
Q

why can’t use membrane slip in mares

A

due to diffuse epitheliochorial type placenta

34
Q

sensitive indicators of pregnancy

A
  • transrectal ultrasound**

- transrect. palpation

35
Q

insensitive indicators of preg.

A
  • behavior
  • cervical changes
  • hormonal assays
36
Q

when is progesterone false indicator of preg?

A

diestrus

37
Q

when is eCG false + of preg?

A

dead fetus (up to 200 days of gestation)

38
Q

when can estrogens be measured in gestation? What is there use?

A

between 80-100 and mid-200s days of gest.

  • measure of fetal viability
  • prod. by fetal placental unit
39
Q

T/F: progesterone, eCG, and estrogens are all minimally useful for preg. dx**

A

T!

40
Q

fetal orbit measurement

A

used to approx. gestation (i.e. 5.8=300 days)

  • only used in late gestation
  • transrectal
41
Q

CTUP

A

combined thickness of uterus and placenta

-elevation indicates abnormality such as inflamm, infection, etc.

Theriogenology (Fall 2014) (24 decks)

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