Lecture 2: Bovine Infertility (Risco) Flashcards

1
Q

infertility = sterility ?

A

NO.

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2
Q

T/F: infertility is a sign, not a specific condition

A

T

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3
Q

T/F: there are both infectious and non-infectious causes of infertility

A

T

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4
Q

estrus vs. estrous

A

estrus: a noun “a cow displays estrus”
estrous: an adj. “the estrous cycle”

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5
Q

most common form of infertility

A

non-infectious (esp. due to lack of detection of estrus)

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6
Q

main causes of non-infectious infertility

A

cow is in anestrus due to failure to detect estrus** or failure to exhibit estrus. If the latter occurs, the cow is in true anestrus and something is likely actually wrong with the cow.

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7
Q

1ary sign of estrus

A

standing to be mounted

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8
Q

methods to help improve detection of estrus

A
  • heat detection aids

- synchronization of estrus or ovulation (i.e. using Ovsynch protocol or PGF2a)

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9
Q

Heat detection aids

A
  • Pressure activated device
  • Tail chalks/paints
  • Pressure detector (heatwatch) -detects when cow being mounted
  • Activity monitoring systems (accelerometer, pedometer, collar)
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10
Q

detection of cows displaying estrus (AI submission rate) determines:

A

when cows are first bred at the end of the VWP

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11
Q

activity monitors measure:

A
  • activity
  • laying bouts
  • laying time
  • rumination
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12
Q

example of a heat detection aid

A

HeatWatch II system. When cow mounts another cow, it triggers a sensor which alerts a computer of the event

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13
Q

Ovsynch TAI Protocol

A
(ovulation occurs before d0)
d0: give GnRH
d7: give prostaglandin
d9: give GnRH
d10 (16 hours post-GnRH): TAI (Timed Artificial Insemination)
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14
Q

How to synchronize estrus for AI (not Ovsync)

A

d0: give PG
d14: give PG again
d16-21: AI

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15
Q

Describe how Progesterone (P4) lvls change throughout OvSync protocol

A

At ovulation (before d0), progesterone starts at a very low level then steadily increases before plateauing around 7 ng/ml just before d0, when GnRH is given. Plateau continues until d7, when PG is given. P4 then drops off to a negligible level around d8.5. GnRH given again at d9 and then TAI started at d10. (See slide 15)

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16
Q

When do follicular waves occur in Ovsync?

A

First wave starts at ovulation when P4 is increasing before d0. Second wave starts around d2-3 and ends after d10 when TAI is occuring.

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17
Q

Presynch-Ovsynch protocol

A

d0: PGF
d14: PGF
d26: GnRH
d33: PGF
d35: GnRH
d36: TAI

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18
Q

anestrus =

A

failure to exhibit estrus

19
Q

causes of anestrus**

A
poor nutrition, neg. energy balance, debilitating dz
cystic ovaries or tumors
endometritis/pyometra
congenital defect
pregnancy
heat stress
rBST (bovine somatotropin)
20
Q

peak milk production occurs how many weeks post-partum?

A

4

21
Q

When does peak dry matter/energy intake occur?

A

6-8 weeks post-partum

22
Q

where does most energy for peak milk production come from?

A

mobilized fat (lose BC as a result)

23
Q

most cows lose how many BCS post-partum?

A

1

24
Q

When does cow return to positive energy balance post-partum?

A

8 weeks post-partum (when dry matter intake is peaking)

25
Q

what does neg. energy balance disrupt?

A

hypothalamic pituitary axis. Pushes cow nearer to ketotic.

  • glucose low
  • free fatty acids high
  • ketone bodies high
26
Q

nadir

A

lowest point in negative energy balance

27
Q

SEE SLIDE 19

A

:)

28
Q

GnRH secreted by:

A

hypothalamus

29
Q

increased insulin –> response to LH

A

increases

30
Q

inc. response to LH –> estradiol (E2)

A

inc.

31
Q

describe LH pulses before and after NADIR. Why?

A

before: low and infrequent
after: higher and more frequent because there is more GnRH and FSH coming from the pituitary and cow will then ovulate

32
Q

cow will only ovulate past the ___ of NEB

A

nadir

33
Q

in well managed herds, ovulation can reach what percentage?

A

80-90% (those that fail to ovulate still have some NEB and must wait to ovulate until they peak their DM intake)

34
Q

average fate of dominant follicle of first wave

A
ovulate: 50%
don't ovulate: 25%
becomes cystic (follicular or luteal): 25%
35
Q

follicular cyst

A

follicle that fails to ovulate because there isn’t enough LH

-produces NO progesterone

36
Q

luteal cyst

A

forms because there was only enough LH to cause a PARTIAL ovulation.
-surrounded in basement membrane (luteal tissue)

37
Q

which species are more prone to cysts?

A

cats, cow, horses

38
Q

which cyst is more common: follicular or luteal?***

A

luteal

39
Q

What is a CL?

A

a follicle that fails to ovulate. Does not form corpus hemorrhagicum

40
Q

Does luteal cyst produce progesterone?

A

Yes (but only some). Progesterone that is produced keeps cow in estrus

41
Q

When is there no tonicity in the uterus?

A

during proestrus and estrus

42
Q

If you feel no CL and large follicular degeneration, could be:

A

cow could be coming into estrus, OR may be follicular cyst

43
Q

CS of cystic follicular degeneration

A
  • frequent estrus
  • irregular estrouscycles
  • anestrus
44
Q

Dx of cystic follicular degeneration based on:

A
  • anovulatory follicle(s) >25mm **
  • No CL**
  • check twice 10d apart**
  • lack of uterine tone/flaccid uterus