L20: Canine and Feline Pregnancy & Diagnosis (Kelleman)

Question 1

Canines are CL dependent to term?

Answer 1

Y

Question 2

can progesterone be used as pregnancy test in dogs?

Answer 2

NO. It is high in diestrus, irrespective of pregnancy status

Question 3

when does luteolysis occur in pregnant bitches?

Answer 3

63-65d following LH surge, due to Prostaglandin F release (parturition quickly follows)

Question 4

what type of placenta in dogs

Answer 4

endotheliochorial, zonary, deciduate

-has marginal hematomas for iron sharing

Question 5

green pigment in dog placenta is

Answer 5

uteroverdin

Question 6

palpation best done when?**

Answer 6

about 1 mo. after LH/ovulation

Question 7

US best done when?**

Answer 7

3-4 wks after LH/ovulation

• don’t dx bladder as pregnancy!
• don’t count fetuses!

Question 8

What other issues besides just confirm of pregnancy can be seen on US?

Answer 8

• embryonic heart beat
• anembryonic sacs (no embryo proper)
• fetal death and mummification
• fluid, endometrial cysts
• pyo

Question 9

T/F: progesterone is immune suppressive

Answer 9

T

Question 10

low oxygen –> fetal HR

Answer 10

decreases

Question 11

normal fetal HR:

Answer 11

> 180 (220-240)

Question 12

fetal HR 160-180 indicative of

Answer 12

mild to moderate stress

Question 13

fetal HR of <160 indicative of

Answer 13

severe stress - immediate intervention needed!

Question 14

relaxin used for

Answer 14

preg. diagnosis
- prod. by placenta
- check once at least 28d post LH
- may not be accurate with singleton pup

Question 15

Rads use in pregnancy

Answer 15

-best used in late gestation for litter size

Question 16

when do fetal skulls calcify?

Answer 16

43-45d post LH

45d: skull**
61d: teeth**

Question 17

when are cute phase proteins made?

Answer 17

in presence of inflammation

Question 18

when is fibrinogen elevated?

Answer 18

pregnant bitches, or pyometra

Question 19

gestation length in dogs***

Answer 19

65 +/- 1 day post LH peak
57 +/- 1 days from post DIESTRUS cytology
57-72 days from 1 breeding
Within 1 day of body temp falling to 99F

Question 20

Scale of risk for toxicity and teratogenicity

Answer 20

A: probably safe
B: safe if used cautiously
C: some risks
D: contraindicated
X: absolutely contraindicated

Question 21

physiological changes of canine pregnancy

Answer 21

• normocytic normochromic anemia: increased plasma volume
• Increased total protein: acute phase/fibrinogen
• Energy homestasis: gestational diabetes mellitus and ketosis possible

Question 22

general health concerns during preg of bitch

Answer 22

• nutrition
• no live vaccines
• HWP/Parasitology
• Hypoluteoidism (CL not prod. enough progesterone)
• plan for emergencies
• no long acting corticosteroids

Question 23

Nutrition during preg for bitches

Answer 23

• maintenance diet to 2/3 gestation
• switch to puppy food last third of gest., or feed all stages diet throughout
• poor appetite of late gestation –> risk of hypoglycemia and ketosis
• greatest nutritional needs during lactation

Question 24

nutrition: Ca

Answer 24

• do NOT supplement
• predisposition to hypocalcemia postpartum
• may supp. during lactation

Question 25

nutrition: raw diets

Answer 25

- not recommended | - orgs. that will cause abortion: Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli, Toxoplasma gondii

Question 26

transmission of parasites in utero and through milk to pups

Answer 26

roundworms and hooks (also a zoonotic concern)

Question 27

hypoluteoidism

Answer 27

- P4 below 1-2ng/ml --> parturition/pregnancy loss - signs: premature nesting, vulvar discharge - supplement with progestins (i.e. Regumate, Prometrium); MUST STOP PRIOR TO PARTURITION!

Question 28

Danger of early gestation progestin use

Answer 28

can cause fetal masculinization b/c placenta converts progesterone to androgens

Question 29

Canine Herpes Virus

Answer 29

- causes mummies, abortions,etc. - resp/oral/veneral transmission - naive pregnant bitches at risk - decrease exposure throughout gestation

Question 30

how many litters can a queen have per year?

Answer 30

2-3

Question 31

cat placenta type

Answer 31

zonary, endotheliochorial, deciduate (same as dog)

Question 32

length of gestation in cats

Answer 32

65-67 days

Question 33

cats? CL dependent to term?**

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

Can P4 be used to dx pregnancy in cats?**

Answer 34

No (can be spontaneously high when not pregnant)

Question 35

relaxin in cats

Answer 35

- produced by placenta - promotes prolactin release - luteotrophic and may support the CL - can be used to diagnose pregnancy after 28 days gestation**

Question 36

physical changes in queens that are suggestive of pregnancy

Answer 36

- more docile - mammary gland changes (at 3 wks)** - nipples pinker/more prominent**

Question 37

when is pregnancy palpable in cats?

Answer 37

>2 weeks | -can feel fetal heads at 7 weeks

Question 38

when can first do US to dx pregnancy in cats?

Answer 38

2.5 weeks post mating

Question 39

when can fetal heart beat be detected in cats?

Answer 39

16d or >

Question 40

when do limb buds appear on US in cats?

Answer 40

20d

Question 41

when does bladder appear on US in cats?

Answer 41

30d

Question 42

when do kidneys appear on US in cats?

Answer 42

40d

Question 43

when do renal cortex/medulla appear on US in cats?

Answer 43

50d

Question 44

when can detect calcification, skull on rads?

Answer 44

after 38-43d

Question 45

when do fetal molars calcify in cats?

Answer 45

56-63d

Question 46

how can estimate gestational age on rads in cats?

Answer 46

measure crown rump length

Question 47

Queen nutrition during preg.

Answer 47

- switch to kitten chow about 2/3 gestation - second trimester: 1.5x - last trimester: 2x maintenance

Question 48

mammary gland hypertrophy

Answer 48

- occurs in young queen - progesterone influence - differential = neoplasia - tx: remove progesterone source (spay, luteolysis)