L20: Canine and Feline Pregnancy & Diagnosis (Kelleman) Flashcards
Canines are CL dependent to term?
Y
can progesterone be used as pregnancy test in dogs?
NO. It is high in diestrus, irrespective of pregnancy status
when does luteolysis occur in pregnant bitches?
63-65d following LH surge, due to Prostaglandin F release (parturition quickly follows)
what type of placenta in dogs
endotheliochorial, zonary, deciduate
-has marginal hematomas for iron sharing
green pigment in dog placenta is
uteroverdin
palpation best done when?**
about 1 mo. after LH/ovulation
US best done when?**
3-4 wks after LH/ovulation
- don’t dx bladder as pregnancy!
- don’t count fetuses!
What other issues besides just confirm of pregnancy can be seen on US?
- embryonic heart beat
- anembryonic sacs (no embryo proper)
- fetal death and mummification
- fluid, endometrial cysts
- pyo
T/F: progesterone is immune suppressive
T
low oxygen –> fetal HR
decreases
normal fetal HR:
> 180 (220-240)
fetal HR 160-180 indicative of
mild to moderate stress
fetal HR of <160 indicative of
severe stress - immediate intervention needed!
relaxin used for
preg. diagnosis
- prod. by placenta
- check once at least 28d post LH
- may not be accurate with singleton pup
Rads use in pregnancy
-best used in late gestation for litter size
when do fetal skulls calcify?
43-45d post LH
45d: skull**
61d: teeth**
when are cute phase proteins made?
in presence of inflammation
when is fibrinogen elevated?
pregnant bitches, or pyometra
gestation length in dogs***
65 +/- 1 day post LH peak
57 +/- 1 days from post DIESTRUS cytology
57-72 days from 1 breeding
Within 1 day of body temp falling to 99F
Scale of risk for toxicity and teratogenicity
A: probably safe B: safe if used cautiously C: some risks D: contraindicated X: absolutely contraindicated
physiological changes of canine pregnancy
- normocytic normochromic anemia: increased plasma volume
- Increased total protein: acute phase/fibrinogen
- Energy homestasis: gestational diabetes mellitus and ketosis possible
general health concerns during preg of bitch
- nutrition
- no live vaccines
- HWP/Parasitology
- Hypoluteoidism (CL not prod. enough progesterone)
- plan for emergencies
- no long acting corticosteroids
Nutrition during preg for bitches
- maintenance diet to 2/3 gestation
- switch to puppy food last third of gest., or feed all stages diet throughout
- poor appetite of late gestation –> risk of hypoglycemia and ketosis
- greatest nutritional needs during lactation
nutrition: Ca
- do NOT supplement
- predisposition to hypocalcemia postpartum
- may supp. during lactation
nutrition: raw diets
- not recommended
- orgs. that will cause abortion: Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli, Toxoplasma gondii
transmission of parasites in utero and through milk to pups
roundworms and hooks (also a zoonotic concern)
hypoluteoidism
- P4 below 1-2ng/ml –> parturition/pregnancy loss
- signs: premature nesting, vulvar discharge
- supplement with progestins (i.e. Regumate, Prometrium); MUST STOP PRIOR TO PARTURITION!
Danger of early gestation progestin use
can cause fetal masculinization b/c placenta converts progesterone to androgens
Canine Herpes Virus
- causes mummies, abortions,etc.
- resp/oral/veneral transmission
- naive pregnant bitches at risk
- decrease exposure throughout gestation
how many litters can a queen have per year?
2-3
cat placenta type
zonary, endotheliochorial, deciduate (same as dog)
length of gestation in cats
65-67 days
cats? CL dependent to term?**
Yes
Can P4 be used to dx pregnancy in cats?**
No (can be spontaneously high when not pregnant)
relaxin in cats
- produced by placenta
- promotes prolactin release
- luteotrophic and may support the CL
- can be used to diagnose pregnancy after 28 days gestation**
physical changes in queens that are suggestive of pregnancy
- more docile
- mammary gland changes (at 3 wks)**
- nipples pinker/more prominent**
when is pregnancy palpable in cats?
> 2 weeks
-can feel fetal heads at 7 weeks
when can first do US to dx pregnancy in cats?
2.5 weeks post mating
when can fetal heart beat be detected in cats?
16d or >
when do limb buds appear on US in cats?
20d
when does bladder appear on US in cats?
30d
when do kidneys appear on US in cats?
40d
when do renal cortex/medulla appear on US in cats?
50d
when can detect calcification, skull on rads?
after 38-43d
when do fetal molars calcify in cats?
56-63d
how can estimate gestational age on rads in cats?
measure crown rump length
Queen nutrition during preg.
- switch to kitten chow about 2/3 gestation
- second trimester: 1.5x
- last trimester: 2x maintenance
mammary gland hypertrophy
- occurs in young queen
- progesterone influence
- differential = neoplasia
- tx: remove progesterone source (spay, luteolysis)
