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Theriogenology (Fall 2014) > Lecture 13: Pregnancy Diagnosis & Gestational Problems (Galvao) > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Pregnancy Diagnosis & Gestational Problems (Galvao) Flashcards

1
Q

Reasons to perform pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • detecting nonpregnant/pregnant animals
  • economics (milk producation, replacements)
  • purchase or sale of animals
  • evaluation of repro management (CR, PR)
  • confirmation of pregnancy
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2
Q

direct methods of pregnancy dx in cattle

A
  • ballottement of the fetus transabdominally or per rectum
  • palp. per rectum (membrane slip, amniotic vesicle, fetus, placentomes)
  • US
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3
Q

indirect (presumptive) methods of pregnancy dx in cattle

A
  • Hx of non-return to estrus; anestrus
  • mammary development (could also be due to ovarian tumor!)
  • endocrine (P4) changes in milk or blood (luteal cysts can also produce progesterone, or a pyometra can maintain CL)
  • palpation per rectum (assymetry, fluctuance, fremitus)
  • preg. specific proteins
  • interferon-tao stimulated genes
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4
Q

when can pregnancy first be dx with US in cows?**

A

~day 27/28 (as early as 21d in ideal conditions)

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5
Q

4 main positive signs of pregnancy**

A

fetal membrane slip
amniotic vesicle
fetus
placentomes

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6
Q

fetal membrane slip feels:

A

chorioallantois membrane (opposed to endometrium)

  • the other memb. is the amniotic sac, which envelops the fetus
  • earliest felt around 35d
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7
Q

difference b/w embryo and fetus

A

fetus has completed organogenesis

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8
Q

types of fluctuance

A
  • pregnancy
  • pyometra (most common in cows)
  • hydrometra (most common in goats)
  • mucometra
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9
Q

implantation occurs when in cattle?

A

~day 16/17

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10
Q

when are placentomes first formed?

A

day 40-45 (can’t feel until >3mo.)

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11
Q

placentomes composed of

A

caruncles and cotyledons

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12
Q

fluctuation time detected**

A

> 30d

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13
Q

membrane slip time detected**

A

> 30d

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14
Q

amniotic vesicle time detected**

A

35-65d

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15
Q

fetus time detected**

A

> 65d

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16
Q

placentomes time detected**

A

> 3mo.

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17
Q

fremitus time detected**

A

> 3.5mo (~100d)

18
Q

what is fremitus?

A

a vibration perceptible on palpation or auscultation, e.g. palpable in the middle uterine a. in late pregnant cows

19
Q

T/F: cows can only maintain pregnancy on side of CL

A

T

20
Q

After what month is it easier to feel placentomes than membrane slip?

A

third

21
Q

what percent of twin pregnancies are lost if in same horn?

A

50%

22
Q

genital tubercle seen in male or female feti?

A

female

23
Q

middle uterine a. branch of which artery?

A

internal iliac

24
Q

width of amniotic vesicle on day 30

A

8-10 mm (1/2 finger)

25
Q

width of amniotic vesicle on day 40

A

1 finger

26
Q

width of amniotic vesicle on day 50

A

3 fingers

27
Q

width of amniotic vesicle on day 60

A

4 fingers

28
Q

size of fetus on gestation 60d

A

mouse

29
Q

size of fetus at 90d

A

rat

30
Q

size of fetus at 120d

A

small cat

31
Q

size of fetus at 150d

A

large cat

32
Q

size of fetus at 180d

A

beagle

33
Q

size of fetus at 210d

A

german shepherd

34
Q

advantages of US**

A
  • dx open cows earlier
  • less traumatic
  • less manipulation
  • accurate recognition of ovarian structures
  • accurate detection of gestational problems
  • accurate detection of fetal death
  • fetal sexing
35
Q

schistosomus reflexus

A

fetal anomaly in which abdomen is open

36
Q

when does vaginal prolapse usually occur? tx?

A

late gestation. Put everything back and give oxytocin to make everything contract.

37
Q

fetal maceration

A

infection of fetus. cow usually has to be culled

38
Q

bacterial infection in fetal mummification?

A

no.

39
Q

gestational problems

A 
fetal mummification
fetal maceration
fetal dropsy (fluid accum.): hydrops allantois and hydrops amnii
uterine torsion
prolapse uterus/vagina
fetal anomalies
40
Q

hormonal method of detecting pregnancy**

A

sample progesterone in blood/milk at time of AI (should be low) and again 23d later (should be high)
99% effective in identifying “open” cows**

41
Q

PSPB or PAG

A

pregnancy specific protein B or pregnancy associated glycoprotein

  • prod. by trophoblast cells starting on day 21 of pregnancy in cows
  • good indicator of preg. as early as 30d
  • remain in circulation up to 70d post-partum
42
Q

interferon-tau stimulates gene expression of:

A

several genes by PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells - lymphocytes/monos)

Theriogenology (Fall 2014) (24 decks)

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