Lecture 13: Pregnancy Diagnosis & Gestational Problems (Galvao) Flashcards
Reasons to perform pregnancy diagnosis
- detecting nonpregnant/pregnant animals
- economics (milk producation, replacements)
- purchase or sale of animals
- evaluation of repro management (CR, PR)
- confirmation of pregnancy
direct methods of pregnancy dx in cattle
- ballottement of the fetus transabdominally or per rectum
- palp. per rectum (membrane slip, amniotic vesicle, fetus, placentomes)
- US
indirect (presumptive) methods of pregnancy dx in cattle
- Hx of non-return to estrus; anestrus
- mammary development (could also be due to ovarian tumor!)
- endocrine (P4) changes in milk or blood (luteal cysts can also produce progesterone, or a pyometra can maintain CL)
- palpation per rectum (assymetry, fluctuance, fremitus)
- preg. specific proteins
- interferon-tao stimulated genes
when can pregnancy first be dx with US in cows?**
~day 27/28 (as early as 21d in ideal conditions)
4 main positive signs of pregnancy**
fetal membrane slip
amniotic vesicle
fetus
placentomes
fetal membrane slip feels:
chorioallantois membrane (opposed to endometrium)
- the other memb. is the amniotic sac, which envelops the fetus
- earliest felt around 35d
difference b/w embryo and fetus
fetus has completed organogenesis
types of fluctuance
- pregnancy
- pyometra (most common in cows)
- hydrometra (most common in goats)
- mucometra
implantation occurs when in cattle?
~day 16/17
when are placentomes first formed?
day 40-45 (can’t feel until >3mo.)
placentomes composed of
caruncles and cotyledons
fluctuation time detected**
> 30d
membrane slip time detected**
> 30d
amniotic vesicle time detected**
35-65d
fetus time detected**
> 65d
placentomes time detected**
> 3mo.
fremitus time detected**
> 3.5mo (~100d)
what is fremitus?
a vibration perceptible on palpation or auscultation, e.g. palpable in the middle uterine a. in late pregnant cows
T/F: cows can only maintain pregnancy on side of CL
T
After what month is it easier to feel placentomes than membrane slip?
third
what percent of twin pregnancies are lost if in same horn?
50%
genital tubercle seen in male or female feti?
female
middle uterine a. branch of which artery?
internal iliac
width of amniotic vesicle on day 30
8-10 mm (1/2 finger)
width of amniotic vesicle on day 40
1 finger
width of amniotic vesicle on day 50
3 fingers
width of amniotic vesicle on day 60
4 fingers
size of fetus on gestation 60d
mouse
size of fetus at 90d
rat
size of fetus at 120d
small cat
size of fetus at 150d
large cat
size of fetus at 180d
beagle
size of fetus at 210d
german shepherd
advantages of US**
- dx open cows earlier
- less traumatic
- less manipulation
- accurate recognition of ovarian structures
- accurate detection of gestational problems
- accurate detection of fetal death
- fetal sexing
schistosomus reflexus
fetal anomaly in which abdomen is open
when does vaginal prolapse usually occur? tx?
late gestation. Put everything back and give oxytocin to make everything contract.
fetal maceration
infection of fetus. cow usually has to be culled
bacterial infection in fetal mummification?
no.
gestational problems
fetal mummification fetal maceration fetal dropsy (fluid accum.): hydrops allantois and hydrops amnii uterine torsion prolapse uterus/vagina fetal anomalies
hormonal method of detecting pregnancy**
sample progesterone in blood/milk at time of AI (should be low) and again 23d later (should be high)
99% effective in identifying “open” cows**
PSPB or PAG
pregnancy specific protein B or pregnancy associated glycoprotein
- prod. by trophoblast cells starting on day 21 of pregnancy in cows
- good indicator of preg. as early as 30d
- remain in circulation up to 70d post-partum
interferon-tau stimulates gene expression of:
several genes by PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells - lymphocytes/monos)
