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Theriogenology (Fall 2014) > Lecture 12: Canine Andrology & Male Infertility (Kelleman) > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Canine Andrology & Male Infertility (Kelleman) Flashcards

1
Q

accessory sex glands in dog

A

prostate only

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2
Q

stud dog BSE includes

A

Hx
Brucella status
semen collection & evaluation
general physical, scrotal, and prostatic exams (check for cryptorchid, retained testes)

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3
Q

neoplasia common to retained testes

A

seminoma, Sertoli cell tumor

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4
Q

3 semen fractions in canine

A

1 and 3: prostatic

2nd: sperm (cloudy white)

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5
Q

teasing

A

tease stud with in heat female or swabs from in heat female

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6
Q

frenulum normal or abnormal in stud dog?

A

abnormal (snip it)

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7
Q

normal motility**

A

> 70-80% motile or progressively motile

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8
Q

normal morphology**

A

> 80% normal

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9
Q

how many sperm should you count?

A

at least 100

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10
Q

parts of sperm

A 
head
neck
middle piece
principal piece (tail)
end piece
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11
Q

use what stain to evaluate sperm

A

eosin nigrin

can use H&E to evaluate for red/white cells, epithelial cells, etc.

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12
Q

method of determining concentration of sperm

A

hemacytometer:

-dilute sperm 1:100, count # in central box for #millions/ml

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13
Q

total number of sperm =

A

volume x concentration

-depends on technique, presence of estrous teaser, weight/size of dog (testes)

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14
Q

avg. # sperm/lb. BW

A

10 million

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15
Q

semen with WBCs is normal or abn?

A

abn

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16
Q

scrotal exam

A
  • do after collection
  • epididymis should be caudal
  • evaluate symmetry, size, texture, consistency, orientation, spermatic cords of testes
  • scrotal skin issues? (dermatitis can affect temp.)
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17
Q

T/F: prostate should be palpable in intact dogs

A

T (caudal portion only). should have symmetry and non-painful

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18
Q

most common cause of apparent infertility

A

breeding at improper time

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19
Q

azoospermia**

A

ejaculation of seminal fluid that doesn’t contain sperm

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20
Q

oligospermia**

A

low total number of sperm

-not necessarily sterile

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21
Q

teratozoospermia**

A

decreased percentage of morphologically normal sperm (<70% normal) (correlated with asthenozoospermia)

22
Q

asthenozoospermia**

A

progressive motility of less than 70% (correlated with teratozoospermia)
-may be first indication of infection

23
Q

causes of testicular azoospermia

A

intersex animals
germinal cell aplasia (testicular tissue didn’t form correctly)
bilateral cryptorchidism
testicular trauma (causes insulation –> high temp)
autoimmune orchitis
testicular neoplasia

24
Q

what are likely causes of male infertility if stud can breed naturally, has normal semen quality, and breeding is timed properly?

A

prostate dz
brucellosis
testicular neoplasia
genetic incompatibility

25
Q

what are likely causes of male infertility if stud can’t breed naturally?

A

behavioral
pain
prostate dz
penile abn.

26
Q

what are causes of male infertility if stud can breed naturally, but semen quality isn’t normal?

A

aspermia (libido, apprehension, pain, young/old)
azoospermia (abn. sex. develop, hypo T4, apprehension, cryptorchid, high fever, neoplasia, occlusion)
oligospermia (orchitis, prostatitis, pain, hypo T4, retrograde ejac., high fever)
terato-zoospermia (orchitis, prostatitis, brucellosis, neoplasia, hypo T4, high fever)
asthenozoospermia (same as terato. + ciliary dyskinesia)
(see slide 26)

27
Q

methods of diagnosing azoospermia

A 
testicular palpation
karyotype
culture of seminal fluid
brucella testing
testicular ultrasound
testicular aspiration, biopsy if final stge
 -risk of infection, hemorrhage
28
Q

alkaline phosphatase

A
  • measured when azoospermia suspected
  • present in high conc. in semen (<5,000 IU/L indicates incomplete ejaculation from bilateral obstruction of ejaculatory ducts)
  • originates from tail of epididymis
29
Q

zeuterin

A
  • chemical sterilant injected into testis to cause azoospermia
  • destroys testicular tissue
  • used when sx too expensive
30
Q

causes of oligospermia

A 
idiopathic (11%)
seasonal (heat/cold)
testicular neoplasia
prostatic dz
orchitis/brucella
hypothyroidism
fever
drugs (glucocorticoids, estrogens, ketoconazole, chemo)
31
Q

abnormalities correlated with teratozoospermia

A

midpiece attachment, ultrastructure
microcephalic sperm
proximal droplets

32
Q

acquired causes of teratozoospermia

A 
testicular tumors
orchitis
prostatitis
high fever
obesity
sexual abstinence
hypothyroid
33
Q

causes of asthenozoospermia

A 
testicular tumors
orchitis
prostatitis
high fever
obesity
sexual abstinence
hypothyroid
primary ciliry dyskinesia
latex exposure
water-soluble lubricants
34
Q

prostate cancer effects intact or castrated dog more?

A

castrated

35
Q

chars. of canine prostate

A 
only accessory gland*
smooth, bilobed
encircles urethra
androgen-dependent
produces 1st and 3rd fractions
36
Q

benign prostatic hypertrophy chars.

A
  • androgen dependent
  • age-related (>5yrs)
  • CS: asymptomatic or incontinence, tenesmus, “ribbon-like” stool, hematuria
  • symmetrical enlargement
  • nonpainful on palp.
37
Q

tx of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

A
  • castration (50% reduction in 3 wks)
  • anti-GnRH vaccine (no longer available)
  • finasteride (lowers testosterone that dog sees)
38
Q

finasteride

A
  • 5a reductase inhibitor
  • lowers testosterone that dog sees
  • decreases semen volume
  • no effect on libido, semen quality
39
Q

prostatitis

A
  • inflammation +/- infection of prostate
  • occurs 2ary to BPH
  • acute or chronic
  • ascending or hematogenous
  • common in older dogs
  • abscessation
  • prostatic cysts
40
Q

signs of ACUTE prostatitis

A
  • painful on palp.
  • clinically ill (v, anorexia, fever, abd. pain)
  • dec. libido
  • pain on ejaculation
  • hemospermia
41
Q

signs of CHRONIC prostatitis

A
  • typically subclinical
  • may present for recurrent UTI
  • urethral discharge
  • poor semen quality, hemospermia
  • infertility
  • nonpain palp.
  • symmetric or asymmetric on palp.
42
Q

tx of prostatitis

A

castration

acute: tx CS (IV fluids, abx)
chronic: long-term oral abx (fluroquinolones, sulfa, or chloramphenicol)

43
Q

prostatic neoplasia

A
  • common in CASTRATED older dogs
  • adenocarcinoma
  • asymmetrical firm enlargement
  • calcification on US
  • lung, bone mets
  • grave prognosis
44
Q

Brucella canis chars.

A
  • gram negative aerobic coccobacillus
  • limited do dogs and wild canines
  • intracellular infection
  • ZOONOTIC
  • difficult to clear
  • acquired through mm (oronasal contact with vaginal discharge/aborted materials, seminal fluid, urine, fomites)
45
Q

dx of brucellosis

A

screen q 6mo. using RSAT test

  • sensitive but not specific (false positives common**)
  • neg. result is usually true negative**
  • RSAT+ should be confirmed with Ag testing
46
Q

Clicker Q: which of the following most likely from Brucella canis infection?

A

2yo male, peripheral lymphadenopathy with discospondylitis

47
Q

what to do with animals positive for Canine Brucellosis

A
  • reportable in some states
  • isolate for testing
  • sterilize
  • euthanasia/depopulation (shelters)
48
Q

shedding of canine brucellosis more/less likely in neutered animals?

A

less

49
Q

absence of penile spines in tom cat means:

A

tom cat doesn’t have adequate testosterone

-most common cause = castration

50
Q

penile spines regress how soon after castration?

A

5-6wks

51
Q

reasons for tom infertility***

A
  • penile hair rings
  • mate preference
  • karyotype or intersex issues (male calico or toroise shell)***
  • cryptorchidism
  • nutritional testicular degeneration (i.e. riboflavin, EFA linoleate, Vit. A deficiency)
  • orchitis (bacterial from trauma, bites)
  • FIP (peritonitis extending to tunic surrounding testes)
52
Q

methods of semen collection in toms

A

emission with sedation (using tom cat catheter)

electroejaculation

Theriogenology (Fall 2014) (24 decks)

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