Lecture 12: Canine Andrology & Male Infertility (Kelleman)

Question 1

accessory sex glands in dog

Answer 1

prostate only

Question 2

stud dog BSE includes

Answer 2

Hx
Brucella status
semen collection & evaluation
general physical, scrotal, and prostatic exams (check for cryptorchid, retained testes)

Question 3

neoplasia common to retained testes

Answer 3

seminoma, Sertoli cell tumor

Question 4

3 semen fractions in canine

Answer 4

1 and 3: prostatic

2nd: sperm (cloudy white)

Question 5

teasing

Answer 5

tease stud with in heat female or swabs from in heat female

Question 6

frenulum normal or abnormal in stud dog?

Answer 6

abnormal (snip it)

Question 7

normal motility**

Answer 7

> 70-80% motile or progressively motile

Question 8

normal morphology**

Answer 8

> 80% normal

Question 9

how many sperm should you count?

Answer 9

at least 100

Question 10

parts of sperm

Answer 10

head
neck
middle piece
principal piece (tail)
end piece

Question 11

use what stain to evaluate sperm

Answer 11

eosin nigrin

can use H&E to evaluate for red/white cells, epithelial cells, etc.

Question 12

method of determining concentration of sperm

Answer 12

hemacytometer:

-dilute sperm 1:100, count # in central box for #millions/ml

Question 13

total number of sperm =

Answer 13

volume x concentration

-depends on technique, presence of estrous teaser, weight/size of dog (testes)

Question 14

avg. # sperm/lb. BW

Answer 14

10 million

Question 15

semen with WBCs is normal or abn?

Answer 15

abn

Question 16

scrotal exam

Answer 16

• do after collection
• epididymis should be caudal
• evaluate symmetry, size, texture, consistency, orientation, spermatic cords of testes
• scrotal skin issues? (dermatitis can affect temp.)

Question 17

T/F: prostate should be palpable in intact dogs

Answer 17

T (caudal portion only). should have symmetry and non-painful

Question 18

most common cause of apparent infertility

Answer 18

breeding at improper time

Question 19

azoospermia**

Answer 19

ejaculation of seminal fluid that doesn’t contain sperm

Question 20

oligospermia**

Answer 20

low total number of sperm

-not necessarily sterile

Question 21

teratozoospermia**

Answer 21

decreased percentage of morphologically normal sperm (<70% normal) (correlated with asthenozoospermia)

Question 22

asthenozoospermia**

Answer 22

progressive motility of less than 70% (correlated with teratozoospermia)
-may be first indication of infection

Question 23

causes of testicular azoospermia

Answer 23

intersex animals
germinal cell aplasia (testicular tissue didn’t form correctly)
bilateral cryptorchidism
testicular trauma (causes insulation –> high temp)
autoimmune orchitis
testicular neoplasia

Question 24

what are likely causes of male infertility if stud can breed naturally, has normal semen quality, and breeding is timed properly?

Answer 24

prostate dz
brucellosis
testicular neoplasia
genetic incompatibility

Question 25

what are likely causes of male infertility if stud can't breed naturally?

Answer 25

behavioral pain prostate dz penile abn.

Question 26

what are causes of male infertility if stud can breed naturally, but semen quality isn't normal?

Answer 26

aspermia (libido, apprehension, pain, young/old) azoospermia (abn. sex. develop, hypo T4, apprehension, cryptorchid, high fever, neoplasia, occlusion) oligospermia (orchitis, prostatitis, pain, hypo T4, retrograde ejac., high fever) terato-zoospermia (orchitis, prostatitis, brucellosis, neoplasia, hypo T4, high fever) asthenozoospermia (same as terato. + ciliary dyskinesia) (see slide 26)

Question 27

methods of diagnosing azoospermia

Answer 27

``` testicular palpation karyotype culture of seminal fluid brucella testing testicular ultrasound testicular aspiration, biopsy if final stge -risk of infection, hemorrhage ```

Question 28

alkaline phosphatase

Answer 28

- measured when azoospermia suspected - present in high conc. in semen (<5,000 IU/L indicates incomplete ejaculation from bilateral obstruction of ejaculatory ducts) - originates from tail of epididymis

Question 29

zeuterin

Answer 29

- chemical sterilant injected into testis to cause azoospermia - destroys testicular tissue - used when sx too expensive

Question 30

causes of oligospermia

Answer 30

``` idiopathic (11%) seasonal (heat/cold) testicular neoplasia prostatic dz orchitis/brucella hypothyroidism fever drugs (glucocorticoids, estrogens, ketoconazole, chemo) ```

Question 31

abnormalities correlated with teratozoospermia

Answer 31

midpiece attachment, ultrastructure microcephalic sperm proximal droplets

Question 32

acquired causes of teratozoospermia

Answer 32

``` testicular tumors orchitis prostatitis high fever obesity sexual abstinence hypothyroid ```

Question 33

causes of asthenozoospermia

Answer 33

``` testicular tumors orchitis prostatitis high fever obesity sexual abstinence hypothyroid primary ciliry dyskinesia latex exposure water-soluble lubricants ```

Question 34

prostate cancer effects intact or castrated dog more?

Answer 34

castrated

Question 35

chars. of canine prostate

Answer 35

``` only accessory gland* smooth, bilobed encircles urethra androgen-dependent produces 1st and 3rd fractions ```

Question 36

benign prostatic hypertrophy chars.

Answer 36

- androgen dependent - age-related (>5yrs) - CS: asymptomatic or incontinence, tenesmus, "ribbon-like" stool, hematuria - symmetrical enlargement - nonpainful on palp.

Question 37

tx of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

Answer 37

- castration (50% reduction in 3 wks) - anti-GnRH vaccine (no longer available) - finasteride (lowers testosterone that dog sees)

Question 38

finasteride

Answer 38

- 5a reductase inhibitor - lowers testosterone that dog sees - decreases semen volume - no effect on libido, semen quality

Question 39

prostatitis

Answer 39

- inflammation +/- infection of prostate - occurs 2ary to BPH - acute or chronic - ascending or hematogenous - common in older dogs - abscessation - prostatic cysts

Question 40

signs of ACUTE prostatitis

Answer 40

- painful on palp. - clinically ill (v, anorexia, fever, abd. pain) - dec. libido - pain on ejaculation - hemospermia

Question 41

signs of CHRONIC prostatitis

Answer 41

- typically subclinical - may present for recurrent UTI - urethral discharge - poor semen quality, hemospermia - infertility - nonpain palp. - symmetric or asymmetric on palp.

Question 42

tx of prostatitis

Answer 42

castration acute: tx CS (IV fluids, abx) chronic: long-term oral abx (fluroquinolones, sulfa, or chloramphenicol)

Question 43

prostatic neoplasia

Answer 43

- common in CASTRATED older dogs - adenocarcinoma - asymmetrical firm enlargement - calcification on US - lung, bone mets - grave prognosis

Question 44

Brucella canis chars.

Answer 44

- gram negative aerobic coccobacillus - limited do dogs and wild canines - intracellular infection - ZOONOTIC - difficult to clear - acquired through mm (oronasal contact with vaginal discharge/aborted materials, seminal fluid, urine, fomites)

Question 45

dx of brucellosis

Answer 45

screen q 6mo. using RSAT test - sensitive but not specific (false positives common**) - neg. result is usually true negative** - RSAT+ should be confirmed with Ag testing

Question 46

Clicker Q: which of the following most likely from Brucella canis infection?

Answer 46

2yo male, peripheral lymphadenopathy with discospondylitis

Question 47

what to do with animals positive for Canine Brucellosis

Answer 47

- reportable in some states - isolate for testing - sterilize - euthanasia/depopulation (shelters)

Question 48

shedding of canine brucellosis more/less likely in neutered animals?

Answer 48

less

Question 49

absence of penile spines in tom cat means:

Answer 49

tom cat doesn't have adequate testosterone | -most common cause = castration

Question 50

penile spines regress how soon after castration?

Answer 50

5-6wks

Question 51

reasons for tom infertility***

Answer 51

- penile hair rings - mate preference - karyotype or intersex issues (male calico or toroise shell)*** - cryptorchidism - nutritional testicular degeneration (i.e. riboflavin, EFA linoleate, Vit. A deficiency) - orchitis (bacterial from trauma, bites) - FIP (peritonitis extending to tunic surrounding testes)

Question 52

methods of semen collection in toms

Answer 52

emission with sedation (using tom cat catheter) | electroejaculation