Lecture 19: Small Ruminant Theriogenology Pt.2 (Pozor) Flashcards
major cause of reduced fertility in rams
epididymitis
cause of lamb epididymitis
opportunistic bacteria (Actinobacillus seminis or Histophilus somni)
cause of ram epididymitis
Brucella ovis
symptoms of epididymitis
enlarged painful scrotum
poor semen quality
subfertility
lamb epididymitis chars.
- usually occurs breeding stock ram producing flocks (single sex herds)
- 4-12 mo. old
- ascending infection of opportunistic bacteria
lamb epididymitis CS/Dx/Tx/Prevent
CS: enlarged, painful scrotum
Dx: scrotal palpation, leukocytes in semen
Tx: poor prognosis; cull
Prev: separate from adult rams, periodic scrotal exams, tetracyclines in feed
Ram epididymitis chars.
- caused by Brucella ovis
- oral, conjunctival, venereal trans.
- shed in semen and urine
- causes repro loss and dec. fertility
- testicular atrophy if chronic
Dx of Ram epididymitis
- palpate: usually unilateral, swollen
- semen: detached heads, WBCs
- serum ELISA (doesn’t detect all carriers)
- semen culture
Control of Ram epididymitis
- reportable in some states
- ELISA test
- culling
- replace affected rams
- vax NOT effective
Balanoposthitis chars**
- aka “Pizzle Rot”
- inflammation of glans and prepuce
- more frequent in sheep than goats
- castration, high protein diet = predisposing factors
- have high urinary urea content
- Corynebacterium renale
predisposing factos for Balanoposthitis
castration
high protein diet
bacteria assoc. with Balanoposthitis
Corynebacterium renale
-break down the urea to form ammonia
CS of Balanoposthitis
skin irritation
ulcerations
necrosis of the penis/sheath
Tx/prev. of Balanoposthitis
Tx: Local: debridement, hydrogen peroxide, abx ointment, clean bedding
Prevention: lower protein in diet, antiseptic tx, implants of synthetic testosterone, induced cryptorchidism
False pregnancy of goats chars.
- accumulation of large amt. of uterine fluid with a persistent CL present on the ovary
- can be due to hydrometra, mucometra, cloudburst
False pregnancy of goats CS
absence of cyclicity b/c of CL
abdominal enlargement
Dx of False pregnancy of goats
- elevated P4 but no pregnancy
- BioPRYN/Estrone Sulfate - negative
- BEST: transabdominal US exam: fluid filled uterus w/o fetus or caruncles
Tx of False pregnancy of goats
- spontaneous resolution
- prostaglandins (verify lack of pregnancy FIRST!)
- oxytocin if retention of uterine fluid
- usually become fertile again after tx
periparturient problems
pregnancy toxemia vaginal prolapse hypocalcemia "ringwomb" dystocia retained placenta
Pregnancy Toxemia chars.
- rapid fetus development –> increased nutritional demands –> neg. energy balnce –> use fat as energy source –> impaired liver fx and ketone body formation
- Primary: triplets, quadruplets, etc. or fatty or very thin animals
- Secondary: lameness, “broken mouth”
CS of Pregnancy Toxemia
No appetite Depression, lethargy Muscular imbalance Grinding of teeth Ketone breath death
Dx of Pregnancy Toxemia
history, CS
Lab tests: ketonuria, acidosis, dehydration, hepatic or liver failure
Tx/Prev. of Pregnancy Toxemia
PO Propylene glycol IV glucose-dextrose Insulin B vitamins Induce labor or C-section Prev: good feeding management
Vaginal Prolapse
- usually occurs in late gestation, with rising estrogens
- high likelihood of recurring
Tx of vaginal prolapse
- cull
- caudal epidural anesthesia
- clean and reduce prolapse
- abx and tetanus prophylaxis
- can use retention devices (“Ewe Saver”), Buhner suture, Prolapse Pin
Hypocalcemia chars.
- late gestation
- heavily lactating
- forced excercise
CS/Dx/Tx of Hypocalcemia
CS: recumbency, dyspne
Dx: Hx, CS, hypocalcemic
Tx: Calcium Borogluconate IV or SC
“Ringwomb” chars.
- failure of cervical dilatation
- unknown cause
- may have hereditary component
CS/Tx/
CS: no obvious signs of first stage of labor, dystocia
Tx: C-section, cull affected females
When to intervene with dystocia: 30-30-30 rule
- wait 30 mins from when kidding has started (see placenta or fetal part), then check female
- if everything ok, wait 30 more min. before assisting delivery
- if more kids, wait 30 more min. for next
most common types of dystocia
head laterally flexed, or forelimb with carpal or elbow flexion
C-section should be done on which side?
L flank
retained fetal membranes
retained if >12-18hrs
Tx: usually not necessary, give abx/prostaglandins if systemic signs
Non-infectious causes of abortion
stress trauma hyperthermia plants hybrids
ZOONOTIC infectious causes of abortion
Toxoplasmosis Enzootic Abortion Virbriosis Q fever Listeriosis Brucellosis Leptospirosis Salmonellosis
non-zootic infectious causes of abortion
Neospora canis
Bluetongue virus
Cache Valley Disease
Endotoxin
Abortion Diagnostics
- Hx
- maternal serum and whole blood
- entire fetus, if small
- Fetal organs
- Placenta
- Fetal heart blood
- Fetal abomasal contents (sterile source of amniotic fluid)
causitive agent of toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii
CS/Dx of toxoplasmosis
CS: fetal resorption, stillbirth, weak lambs, abortion (20%)
Dx:
-gross exam of placenta: see white necrotic foci in cotyledons, while intercodyledonary space normal**
-Histopath
-Serology: Ab in fetal fluids
-Tx = prevention, treat your cats
Enzootic abortion of ewes***
causative agent: Chlamyophila abortus
- reportable dz***
- latent carriers may continue to shed during estrus
- immunity lasts about 3 yrs
- rams can become infected and transmit
CS/Dx/Tx of Enzootic abortion of ewes
CS: later term abortion, stillbirth, weak lambs, abortion (20-30%)
Dx:
-Placenta: thickening and necrosis of cotyledons and intercodyledonary space**
-Aborted fetuses have petechia, white spots on liver, enlarged lymphnodes
-Culture gives definitive dx
Tx: disinfection, vaccine
Campylobacteriosis chars.
cuased by: Camplylobacter jejuni and C. fetus
- infected ewes recover and are immune
- persistently infected may shed organism in feces
CS/Dx/Tx of Campylobacteriosis
CS: late abortions, premature births, stillbirths, weak lambs
->70% abortion rate!
-metritis and placentitis of ewes
Dx: fetus: necrosis of liver, culture of fetal stomach or cotyledons
Tx: Abx (tetracyclines), Vax
Bluetongue virus
causes hydranencephaly (small hemispheres, or one hemisphere missing)
Border Disease
-causes hairy fleece, cerebellar hypoplasia, hydranencephaly in sheep
Cache Valley virus
causes hydranencephaly, arthrogryposis, hypoplastic cord in sheep
Akabane virus
causes rthrogryposis in sheep and goats (joint contractures)
viral orgs. assoc. with various fetal deformities
Bluetongue virus
Border Disease
Cache Valley virus
Akabane virus
Veratrum californicum
plant causing:
- cyclopia
- hypoplasia of metacarpal, metarsal bones
- long gestation
- cleft palate
Locoweed, Lupine, Sudan
plant causing:
-arthrogryposis
T/F: periparturient problems in SR can be successfully addressed
T
