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Theriogenology (Fall 2014) > Lecture 19: Small Ruminant Theriogenology Pt.2 (Pozor) > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Small Ruminant Theriogenology Pt.2 (Pozor) Flashcards

1
Q

major cause of reduced fertility in rams

A

epididymitis

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2
Q

cause of lamb epididymitis

A

opportunistic bacteria (Actinobacillus seminis or Histophilus somni)

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3
Q

cause of ram epididymitis

A

Brucella ovis

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4
Q

symptoms of epididymitis

A

enlarged painful scrotum
poor semen quality
subfertility

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5
Q

lamb epididymitis chars.

A
  • usually occurs breeding stock ram producing flocks (single sex herds)
  • 4-12 mo. old
  • ascending infection of opportunistic bacteria
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6
Q

lamb epididymitis CS/Dx/Tx/Prevent

A

CS: enlarged, painful scrotum
Dx: scrotal palpation, leukocytes in semen
Tx: poor prognosis; cull
Prev: separate from adult rams, periodic scrotal exams, tetracyclines in feed

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7
Q

Ram epididymitis chars.

A
  • caused by Brucella ovis
  • oral, conjunctival, venereal trans.
  • shed in semen and urine
  • causes repro loss and dec. fertility
  • testicular atrophy if chronic
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8
Q

Dx of Ram epididymitis

A
  • palpate: usually unilateral, swollen
  • semen: detached heads, WBCs
  • serum ELISA (doesn’t detect all carriers)
  • semen culture
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9
Q

Control of Ram epididymitis

A
  • reportable in some states
  • ELISA test
  • culling
  • replace affected rams
  • vax NOT effective
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10
Q

Balanoposthitis chars**

A
  • aka “Pizzle Rot”
  • inflammation of glans and prepuce
  • more frequent in sheep than goats
  • castration, high protein diet = predisposing factors
  • have high urinary urea content
  • Corynebacterium renale
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11
Q

predisposing factos for Balanoposthitis

A

castration

high protein diet

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12
Q

bacteria assoc. with Balanoposthitis

A

Corynebacterium renale

-break down the urea to form ammonia

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13
Q

CS of Balanoposthitis

A

skin irritation
ulcerations
necrosis of the penis/sheath

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14
Q

Tx/prev. of Balanoposthitis

A

Tx: Local: debridement, hydrogen peroxide, abx ointment, clean bedding
Prevention: lower protein in diet, antiseptic tx, implants of synthetic testosterone, induced cryptorchidism

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15
Q

False pregnancy of goats chars.

A
  • accumulation of large amt. of uterine fluid with a persistent CL present on the ovary
  • can be due to hydrometra, mucometra, cloudburst
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16
Q

False pregnancy of goats CS

A

absence of cyclicity b/c of CL

abdominal enlargement

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17
Q

Dx of False pregnancy of goats

A
  • elevated P4 but no pregnancy
  • BioPRYN/Estrone Sulfate - negative
  • BEST: transabdominal US exam: fluid filled uterus w/o fetus or caruncles
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18
Q

Tx of False pregnancy of goats

A
  • spontaneous resolution
  • prostaglandins (verify lack of pregnancy FIRST!)
  • oxytocin if retention of uterine fluid
  • usually become fertile again after tx
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19
Q

periparturient problems

A 
pregnancy toxemia
vaginal prolapse
hypocalcemia
"ringwomb"
dystocia
retained placenta
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20
Q

Pregnancy Toxemia chars.

A
  • rapid fetus development –> increased nutritional demands –> neg. energy balnce –> use fat as energy source –> impaired liver fx and ketone body formation
  • Primary: triplets, quadruplets, etc. or fatty or very thin animals
  • Secondary: lameness, “broken mouth”
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21
Q

CS of Pregnancy Toxemia

A 
No appetite
Depression, lethargy
Muscular imbalance
Grinding of teeth
Ketone breath
death
22
Q

Dx of Pregnancy Toxemia

A

history, CS

Lab tests: ketonuria, acidosis, dehydration, hepatic or liver failure

23
Q

Tx/Prev. of Pregnancy Toxemia

A 
PO Propylene glycol
IV glucose-dextrose
Insulin
B vitamins
Induce labor or C-section
Prev: good feeding management
24
Q

Vaginal Prolapse

A
  • usually occurs in late gestation, with rising estrogens

- high likelihood of recurring

25
Q

Tx of vaginal prolapse

A
  • cull
  • caudal epidural anesthesia
  • clean and reduce prolapse
  • abx and tetanus prophylaxis
  • can use retention devices (“Ewe Saver”), Buhner suture, Prolapse Pin
26
Q

Hypocalcemia chars.

A
  • late gestation
  • heavily lactating
  • forced excercise
27
Q

CS/Dx/Tx of Hypocalcemia

A

CS: recumbency, dyspne
Dx: Hx, CS, hypocalcemic
Tx: Calcium Borogluconate IV or SC

28
Q

“Ringwomb” chars.

A
  • failure of cervical dilatation
  • unknown cause
  • may have hereditary component
29
Q

CS/Tx/

A

CS: no obvious signs of first stage of labor, dystocia
Tx: C-section, cull affected females

30
Q

When to intervene with dystocia: 30-30-30 rule

A
  • wait 30 mins from when kidding has started (see placenta or fetal part), then check female
  • if everything ok, wait 30 more min. before assisting delivery
  • if more kids, wait 30 more min. for next
31
Q

most common types of dystocia

A

head laterally flexed, or forelimb with carpal or elbow flexion

32
Q

C-section should be done on which side?

A

L flank

33
Q

retained fetal membranes

A

retained if >12-18hrs

Tx: usually not necessary, give abx/prostaglandins if systemic signs

34
Q

Non-infectious causes of abortion

A 
stress 
trauma
hyperthermia
plants
hybrids
35
Q

ZOONOTIC infectious causes of abortion

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Enzootic Abortion
Virbriosis
Q fever
Listeriosis
Brucellosis
Leptospirosis
Salmonellosis
36
Q

non-zootic infectious causes of abortion

A

Neospora canis
Bluetongue virus
Cache Valley Disease
Endotoxin

37
Q

Abortion Diagnostics

A
  • Hx
  • maternal serum and whole blood
  • entire fetus, if small
  • Fetal organs
  • Placenta
  • Fetal heart blood
  • Fetal abomasal contents (sterile source of amniotic fluid)
38
Q

causitive agent of toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma gondii

39
Q

CS/Dx of toxoplasmosis

A

CS: fetal resorption, stillbirth, weak lambs, abortion (20%)
Dx:
-gross exam of placenta: see white necrotic foci in cotyledons, while intercodyledonary space normal**
-Histopath
-Serology: Ab in fetal fluids
-Tx = prevention, treat your cats

40
Q

Enzootic abortion of ewes***

A

causative agent: Chlamyophila abortus

  • reportable dz***
  • latent carriers may continue to shed during estrus
  • immunity lasts about 3 yrs
  • rams can become infected and transmit
41
Q

CS/Dx/Tx of Enzootic abortion of ewes

A

CS: later term abortion, stillbirth, weak lambs, abortion (20-30%)
Dx:
-Placenta: thickening and necrosis of cotyledons and intercodyledonary space**
-Aborted fetuses have petechia, white spots on liver, enlarged lymphnodes
-Culture gives definitive dx
Tx: disinfection, vaccine

42
Q

Campylobacteriosis chars.

A

cuased by: Camplylobacter jejuni and C. fetus

  • infected ewes recover and are immune
  • persistently infected may shed organism in feces
43
Q

CS/Dx/Tx of Campylobacteriosis

A

CS: late abortions, premature births, stillbirths, weak lambs
->70% abortion rate!
-metritis and placentitis of ewes
Dx: fetus: necrosis of liver, culture of fetal stomach or cotyledons
Tx: Abx (tetracyclines), Vax

44
Q

Bluetongue virus

A

causes hydranencephaly (small hemispheres, or one hemisphere missing)

45
Q

Border Disease

A

-causes hairy fleece, cerebellar hypoplasia, hydranencephaly in sheep

46
Q

Cache Valley virus

A

causes hydranencephaly, arthrogryposis, hypoplastic cord in sheep

47
Q

Akabane virus

A

causes rthrogryposis in sheep and goats (joint contractures)

48
Q

viral orgs. assoc. with various fetal deformities

A

Bluetongue virus
Border Disease
Cache Valley virus
Akabane virus

49
Q

Veratrum californicum

A

plant causing:

  • cyclopia
  • hypoplasia of metacarpal, metarsal bones
  • long gestation
  • cleft palate
50
Q

Locoweed, Lupine, Sudan

A

plant causing:

-arthrogryposis

51
Q

T/F: periparturient problems in SR can be successfully addressed

A

T

Theriogenology (Fall 2014) (24 decks)

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