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neurobiology > Lecture 8: CN VII-XII cont. > Flashcards

Lecture 8: CN VII-XII cont. Flashcards

1
Q

Vestibular system
-location:

A

posterior bony labyrinth
oriented at approximately 30 degrees elevation anteriorly when looking forward.

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2
Q

What components make up the vestibular system:

A

Otolith Organs - Saccule and Utricle
Semicircular Canals (Horizontal, Anterior, Posterior)

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3
Q

Vestibular system
Hair cells only cilia exposed in ______. Multiple sterocilia with _______ kinocilium.

Sterocilia tilt to kinocilium = _______ depolarization

A

endolymph; 1
increased

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4
Q

The maculae (special dectors) is located in both the ________ and _______ and consist of cilia of hair cells covered by a layer of _________ (otoconia).

If there is a dislodge of (otoconia) into the semicircualr canal it can cause

A

saccule and utricle; CaCO3 crystals

BPPV

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5
Q

What structure is responsible for linear acceleration and head tilts in the horizontal axis:

-displacements?

A

utricle

anterior tilted up 30º
A/P (forward/backwards) side/side (head tilts)

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6
Q

What structure is responsible for vertical linear acceleration:

-displacements?

A

saccule
vertical alignment and A/P

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7
Q

When tilting your head backwards the sterocilia moves away from the kinocilium but when coming back forward the __________ affects happens

A

opposite

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8
Q

The semicircular canal has one end open but the other end blocked by the _________

A

ampulla

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9
Q

The cell bodies of the hair cells within the crista are embedded in the crista and surrounded by ___________.

The cilia of these hair cells project into the cupula within the ampulla, and are surrounded by ________.

A

perilymph

endolymph

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10
Q

What is the function of the semicircular canals:

A

detect angular acceleration or deceleration; dynamic activation or inhibition

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11
Q

The following statement is true or false.

The lateral/horizontal semicircular canals are in opposite planes.

A

false; same

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12
Q

Canal Orientation: Horizontal Semicircular Canals:
–Kinocilia face ________ the utricle.

Anterior and Posterior Semicircular Canals:
–Kinocilia face ______ from the utricle.

A

toward
away

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13
Q

When rotating the head Inertia causes endolymph (fluid within the semicircular canals to move in the _______ direction.

A

opposite

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14
Q

Rotating Head Side to Side (Transverse Plane):

-activates:
-inhibits:

A

ipsilateral (same side) horizontal canal.

Inhibits the contralateral (opposite side) horizontal canal.

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15
Q

Rotating Head Downward/Forward to Left or Right:

-activates: (2)

A

the anterior and contralateral posterior canals

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16
Q

________ maneuver decreased 2/3 falls in community dwelling geriatric pop.

A

Epley’s

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17
Q

Vestibular pathway to the neocortex is a ____ order neuron.

A

3

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18
Q

Vestibular pathway has conscious awareness of ______ in space.

1º neuron:
2º neuron:
3º neuron:

A

body

1- scarpa’s ganglion
2- vestibular nuclei (superior/inferior, lateral/medial)
3- B VPM of thalamus integrate with proprioception from other parts in VPL

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19
Q

Vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR): vision stabilization

Turning head activates ________ horizontal canal and ______ contralateral one.

A

(+) ipsilateral; (-) contralateral

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20
Q

Vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR): vision stabilization

Signal conducted to the _______ vestibular nucleus. which activates contralateral ______ nucleus.

A

medial; CN VI

21
Q

Vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR): vision stabilization

Activation of the contralat. CN VI from the medial vestibular nuclei (MVN) activates the contralateral _______ rectus.

Activates contralateral _______ nucleus, THEN contralateral _______ rectus will be activated.

A

lateral

CN III; medial

22
Q

Vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR): vision stabilization

CN VI on the ipsilateral side is ______ and ipsilateral lateral rectus and contralateral medial rectus are ________

Results: turning head to one side, both eyes rotate______ to fix on target.

A

inhibited; inhibited
oppositely

23
Q

The vestibulo-cervical spinal reflex (VCR/VSR) = _______ control. Integrated vestibular and proprioceptive signals by ______

A

postural; cerebellum

24
Q

The vestibulo-cervical spinal reflex (VCR/VSR) inputs to _______ and ________ vestibular nucleus.

A

lateral & medial

25
Q

The vestibulo-cervical spinal reflex (VCR/VSR)

The lateral vestibulospinal tract: controls _______ proximal extremity muscles, but proximal can be very _______.

A

ipsilateral; distal

26
Q

The vestibulo-cervical spinal reflex (VCR/VSR)

The medial vestibulospinal tract controls:

A

bilateral trunk, *mainly neck and upper body

27
Q

Tract axons for (VOR) and (VCR/VSR)

A

VOR= MLF, ascending limb
VCR/VSR = MLF, ascending limb

28
Q

What CN innervates the following structures:

External ear:
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
Pharynx and larynx:

A

CN: VII, IX, X
CN: IX
CN: X

29
Q

Functions of CN IX and X: bilateral _______ control

A

corticobubular coordinated and precise control)

30
Q

Impairment to CN IX and X can lead to ________ and ______

A

dysphagia; dysarthia

31
Q

What is the function of the lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)?

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) monitor in the carotid sinus and carotid body?

A

It carries parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion, which innervates the parotid gland

The carotid sinus is sensitive to changes in blood pressure (baroreceptors - mechanical stimuli), and the carotid body detects changes in oxygen concentration (SaO2 - chemical stimuli).

32
Q

What does the vagus nerve (CN X) monitor in the aortic arch?

What regions do the vagus nerve (CN X) carry visceral sensory information from?

A

It monitors baroreceptors in the aortic arch, providing information about changes in blood pressure.

Internal organs until end of midgut

33
Q

What are the target structures of the parasympathetic fibers originating from Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor Nerve) when they synapse at the ciliary ganglion?

A

Ciliary body (for accommodation of the lens) and pupillary sphincter (for pupil constriction).

34
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibers from Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve) synapse to innervate lacrimal and sinus mucosal glands?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion.

35
Q

What are the target glands innervated by the parasympathetic fibers from Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve) when they synapse at the submandibular ganglion?

A

Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

36
Q

Which ganglion is involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland, and through which cranial nerve does it originate?

A

Otic ganglion; Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve).

37
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibers from Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve) synapse, and what regions do they innervate?

A

They synapse in ganglia within target organs. They innervate visceral organs until the end of the midgut.

38
Q

Which sacral spinal nerves contribute to the formation of the pelvic splanchnic nerves, and what is their target region?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves are formed by spinal nerves S2, S3, and S4. Their target regions include the hindgut and pelvic visceral organs.

39
Q

Which nuclei in the upper cervical spinal cord receive bilateral corticobulbar innervation, and what is their origin?

A

Nuclei from C1 to C5 receive bilateral corticobulbar innervation. The rootlet from the medulla runs to Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve).

39
Q

Where are the nuclei located in the upper cervical spinal cord that receive bilateral corticobulbar innervation?

Answer: The nuclei are located in the lateral _________ not from _______

A

spinal cord; ventral rami.

40
Q

Which cranial nerve is crossed by the rootlet from the medulla that runs from C1 to C5?

A

Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve).

41
Q

What muscles are involved in somatic motor function when crossing the jugular foramen with Cranial Nerves IX and X?

A

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

42
Q

What condition is associated with torticollis, and what are its characteristic features?

Answer: Torticollis is associated with __________ sternocleidomastoid (SCM) tightness and ________ rotation. It can manifest as ipsilateral __________ or contralateral_________, indicating muscle balance problems.

A

ipsilateral; contralateral; tightness; weakness

43
Q

nuclei in the proximal medulla receive

A

contralateral corticobulbar innervation

44
Q

CN XII: Hypoglossal

What is a characteristic feature of upper motor neuron (UMN) damage in terms of muscle atrophy?

What is a characteristic feature of lower motor neuron (LMN) damage in terms of muscle atrophy?

A

UMN damage typically presents with no obvious atrophy.

LMN damage typically presents with obvious atrophy.

45
Q

CN XII: Hypoglossal

Fibers exit the ______ and pass through the anterolateral sulcus, positioned between the _______ and the _______.

A

medulla; pyramid and the olive.

46
Q

What type of muscles are exclusively innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).

What is a manifestation of muscle imbalance?

A

Only somatic motor: extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles.

Protrusion of the tongue may push to the affected/weak side, indicating muscle imbalance.

47
Q
A

neurobiology (15 decks)

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