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neurobiology > Lecture 4: Brainstem > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

true or false. brainstem functions are cranial nerve nuclei, conduit, and integrative functions AND are NOT exclusive to each other.

A

true

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2
Q

3 divisions of the brainstem - contains? function?

  1. basilar:
  2. Tegmentum:
  3. Tectum:
A
  1. descending tracts and pontine nuclei ; mainly motor functions
  2. ascending tracts and most nuclei, including cranial nerve nuclei ; sensory relay and head functions/special sensation
  3. only in midbrain, deep nuclei ; relay pathways for vision and audition, reflexive pathways
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3
Q

border of the brainstem

A

around cerebral aqueduct and anterior to the 4th ventricle

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4
Q

which cranial nerves connect to the
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla

which one attaches to the spinal cord?

A
  • III, IV
  • V, VI, VII, VIII
  • XII, IX, X

CN XI

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5
Q

slide 8 picture

A
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6
Q

the sulcus limitans has a _____ component in the lateral portion and a ______ component in the medial portion.

what are the functions of the two components?

A

dorsal - sensory
ventral - motor

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7
Q

the cranial nerve nuclei in the tegmentum of the brainstem ordered from medial to lateral is:

A

somatic motor
branchial motor*
visceral motor
visceral sensory
somatic sensory
special sensation*

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8
Q

how is branchial motor different from somatic motor?

A

branchial motor is special visceral motor –> controls muscles associated with head and neck (CN VII, IX, X)

somatic motor is voluntary skeletal muscles

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9
Q

how is special sensation different from visceral sensation?

A

special sensation is conscious sensory info transmitted by CN

visceral sensation is unconscious sensory info from internal organs to brain/spinal cord

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10
Q

which cranial nerve nuclei spans from midbrain to spinal cord?
comes from _______ nucleus which is actually a ______

A

CN V
- all face and anterior 1/2 scalp somatic sensory

mesencephalic (sensory) ; ganglion

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11
Q

which cranial nerves have 4 functional components and carry branchial motor fibers?

A

CN VII, IX, X

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12
Q

solitary tract is comprised of CN ____,____,_____ and plays a role in _____

A

VII, IX, X
visceral sensory

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13
Q

ambiguous nucleus is comprised of CN _____,____ and plays a role in _____

A

IX, X
somatic motor - throat and neck, speech and swallowing

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14
Q

slide 13 picture

A
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15
Q

what two CN run through rostral midbrain?
what are their specific nucleus?

A

CN V - mesencephalic nucleus, true ganglion

CN III - edinger-westphal nucleus: parasympathetic and somatic motor nucleus

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16
Q

what two CN run through caudal midbrain?
what are their specific nucleus?

A

CN IV - trochlear nerve nucleus: only one crossing over and exit post. brainstem

CN V - mesencephalic nucleus

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17
Q

slide 14 picture

A
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18
Q

what CN connects rostral pons to their functional components?

A

CN V: motor and principal sensory nuclei

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19
Q

picture slide 15

A
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20
Q

cortico-______/_______/______ fibers and ____ nuclei are diffusely dispersed in basilar pons

A

pontine/bulbar/spinal
pontine

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21
Q

which cranial nerves are housed in the caudal pons? what are their nuclei?

A

CN V - spinal trigeminal nucleus
CN VI - abducens nucleus
CN VII - facial nucleus
CN VIII - vestibular and cochlear nuclei
CN VII/IX: superior/inferior salivatory nuclei

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22
Q

what cranial nerves are housed in the middle pons?

A

CN V - motor and principal sensory nucleus
CN VIII - vestibular nuclei

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23
Q

what cranial nerves are housed in the rostral medulla? what is the nucleus?

A

CN V: spinal trigeminal nucleus
CN VIII: vestibulocochlear nuclei
CN IX/X: ambiguous nucleus, Sm
CN X: dorsal motor nucleus, Vm
CN XII nucleus
solitary nucleus: CN VII/IX/X parasympathetic, Vs

24
Q

what cranial nerves are housed in the caudal medulla? what is the nucleus?

A

CN V: spinal trigeminal nucleus
–> nuclei for CN VII/IX/X Ss components
CN XII nucleus

25
Q

slide 21 picture

A
26
Q

the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is for _______
the ventral horn of the spinal cord is for ________

A

sensory
motor

27
Q

what cranial nerves are housed in the spinal cord? what is the nucleus?

A

CN V: spinal trigeminal nucleus, continuous to dorsal horn laminae II/III/IV to C2 level

CN XI: spinal accessory nerve, C1-C5

28
Q

what are the two ascending tracts from the spinal cord?
what do they sense?

A

DCML - proprioception, vibration, fine touch. deeper sensations

anterolateral spinothalamic tract: pain/crude touch/temperature. superficial sensations

29
Q

what is the flow of the neurons in the DCML?
- 1st order neuron in
- axons synapse with 2nd order neuron in
- axons decussate and synapse with 3rd order neuron in

A
  • DRG
  • middle/caudal medulla
  • VPL (ventral posterolateral nucleus)
30
Q

Somatic sensory flow of DCML:

sensation detected in DRG of ____ order neurons.
_____________ transmits fine touch, proprioception, and vibration from T6 and below. ___^^__ synapses with _________ (2nd order neuron).
___________ transmits sensory info from T6 and above. ___^^___ synapses with _________ (2nd order neuron).
axons of 2nd order neurons decussate to form _________.
That projects to _______ where 3rd order neurons locate for synapses.

A

1st
Fasciculus gracilis (FG)
FG
nucleus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
FC
nucleus cuneatus
medial lemniscus (ML)
VPL

31
Q

in the DCML, ________ is maintained but ______ is rotated

A

somatotopy
orientation

32
Q

slide 25 picture

A
33
Q

the somatotopy turns _____ degrees along the DCML

A

180

34
Q

the somatotopy rotation neck to foot is _____ at the following locations:
- FG in spinal cord and caudal medulla
- ML in caudal medulla
- ML in caudal pons
- ML in caudal midbrain

A
  • lateral to medial
  • posterior to anterior
  • medial to lateral
  • anterior to posterior
35
Q

what are the two descending tracts of the brainstem from the neocortex?
- where do they end?
- do they decussate?
- function?
- what is unique?

A
  1. corticobulbar/corticonuclear tracts
    - end in brainstem
    - with or without decussation
    - CN Sm functions (face, neck, head)
    - bilateral projection
  2. corticospinal tract
    75-90% motor decussate at caudal medulla
    –> lateral tract: distal limb, contralateral
    –> anterior tract: axial muscles, ipsilateral
    10-25% not decussate
    –> ipsilateral weakness after stroke so they can function better
    - all end in spinal cord
    - motor functions
36
Q

what are the two descending pathways of the brainstem from the midbrain?
- decussation in?
- function?

A
  1. rubrospinal tract
    - midbrain
    - similar pathway for lateral corticospinal tract (hand movements)
  2. tectospinal tract
    - midbrain
    - descends to medial ventral horn for postural control –> generally, visual and auditory reflexes
37
Q

where does the dorsal column tract synapse to form the medial lemniscus?
how is the somatotopy maintained before medial lemniscus is formed?

A
  • caudal medulla
    –> before synapse, DCML
    –> after synapse, ML
  • from lower limb to anterior part of the neck
38
Q

what is the ascending limb of the medial longitudinal fasciculus responsible for?
- what reflex?

A

voluntary control of vertical eye movement, gaze and visual stability
- vestibuloocular reflex (VOR)

39
Q

what is the descending limb of the medial longitudinal fasciculus responsible for?
- what reflex?
- what are its two tracts?

A

voluntary control of proprioception and balance, posture
- vestibulocolic and vestibulospinal reflexes (VCR/VSR)
- lateral vestibulospinal tract: ipsilateral proximal extremity muscles AND medial vestibulospinal tract: bilateral trunk, mainly neck & upper body

40
Q

what are the three pathways of the sympathetic motor system?
- mainly from:
- ends in:

A
  1. medial forebrain bundle
    - limbic system, olfactory tract
    - spinal cord T1-L2
  2. dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
    - hypothalamus
    - spinal cord T1-L2
  3. mammillotegmental tract
    - hypothalamus
    - brainstem
41
Q

visceral sensory follows the sympathetic motor tract to mainly detect ________ stimuli (____)

A

nociceptive stimuli (pain)

42
Q

where does the sensory and motor decussation happen along the brainstem?

A

caudal medulla

43
Q

what is the parasympathetic motor pathway for the:
- head:
- thorax/abdomen
- abdomen/pelvis
(state which nucleus & CN)

A
  • Edinger Westphal nucleus: Vm for CN III
    Salivatory nuclei: superior for CN VII, inferior for CN IX
  • dorsal nucleus for vagus nerve: Vm for CN X until end of midgut
  • pelvic splanchnic nerve: S2-S4, hindgut and pelvis
44
Q

visceral sensory follows parasympathetic motor pathway to detect ____ and ______ stimuli

A

chemical and mechanic

45
Q

signals travel into the cerebellum through _______ tracts that descend and synapse with ________.
post synaptic fibers decussate in ______ through the _________ to the _______ part of the cerebellum

A

corticopontine
pontine nuclei
pons
middle cerebellar peduncle
contralateral

46
Q

signals travel out of cerebellum through the _________ and decussate in the __________.
they project to the thalamus then to the ______ cortex
–> therefore, cerebellum modulates ______ motor functions

A

superior cerebellar peduncle
caudal midbrain
motor
ipsilateral

47
Q

the reticular formation is diffusely dispersed in the _____

A

tegmentum

48
Q

the reticular formation is the most complicated because ____

A

its neurons have synapses in the whole CNS so it modulates all 3 parts of the CNS
- psychomotor, cognition, affect (emotion)

49
Q

reticular descending system has _____ and ______ sensory functions

A

motor and sensory

50
Q

which component of the reticulospinal tract descends to the medial ventral horn and involved in postural control?

A

pontine reticulospinal tract

51
Q

which component of the reticulospinal tract descends to the anterolateral ventral horn and involved in fine motor control

A

medullary reticulospinal tract

52
Q

what motor pathway of the reticular descending system descends to the dorsal horn to inhibit nociception?

A

periaqueductal gray-raphe nuclei pathway

53
Q

how can cerebellum control ipsilateral body without lateralization as the cerebrum?

A
54
Q

what is the function of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)?

A

arousal and consciousness

55
Q

what major vital centers are stationed in the brainstem?

A

body temp: intra-hypothalamic nucleus
RR
HR
BP

56
Q

is size important for functional importance of the integration of reticular formation with cranial nerves?

A

no

57
Q
A

neurobiology (15 decks)

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