Lecture 1: General Map of Nervous Systems Flashcards
PNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. T/F
False; CNS
Functional components of the PNS:
sensory:
somatic/visceral
motor:
somatic: skeletal muscles
visceral: cardiac/smooth muscle/glands
The voluntary nervous system, wall of cavities, and limb:
somatic
Visceral is a primarily regulated by _______ nervous system and is a component of the PNS.
autonomic (ANS)
Which visceral organs invade into somatic wall?
sweat glands, erector pili, blood vessels
What is the difference in motor systems: somatic vs visceral
somatic motor: 1 cell system, cell body in the CNS
visceral motor: 2 cell system, 1st cell body in CNS (nucleus), 2nd cell body in ganglia of PNS (ganglion)
Explain the functional units of the CNS:
Functional unit: neuron
-Soma (cell body) 1, synthesizing functions
-Dendrite(s): 0 to numerous extensions from soma
-Axons: 1 with multiple terminals (can be over 500)
What is the hillock?
connecting part with soma
conducting electric signals from body to terminals
What are the supporting units of the CNS called?
What makes up the supportive units of the CNS: (4)
Glia
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
DO NOT conduct nerve impulses; support, nourish and protect neurons ________
glia
In the PNS the dorsal root ganglion can have _______ axons
Visceral motor ganglonic neurons still _______
2
multipolar
What are the cluster of neurons cell bodies in the CNS _______
nucleus
What are the cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS _______
ganglion
How do Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes?
Schwann cells only wrap around a single axon
What are the 3 germ layers during embryonic development?
Ectoderm -outside
Mesoderm -between
Endoderm -inside
in the mesoderm, the notochord degenerates into the _______
the somites become ____(3) and expand dorsally to form ______
vertebral column
muscles/bones/dermis
nervous system by ectoderm
Neural tube becomes the _______ nervous system
central
What development does the cranial neural pore closes for?
No closure of cranial neural pore results in?
brain
anencephaly
What development does the caudal neural pore closes for?
No closure of caudal neural pore results in?
spinal cord
spinal bifida
The neural crest migrates into whole embryo forming the ________ nervous system
peripheral
What are the 3 major vesicles formed after cranial neuropore closure?
Prosencephalon: forebrain
Mesencephalon: midbrain
Rhombencephalon: hindbrain
The optic vesicle: retina, CN II is located in the ____________which is a part of the ____________
diencephalon; prosencephalon/forebrain
How many cell bodies, dendrites, and axons can a neuron have?
-soma
-dendrite
-axon
soma/cell body: 1
dendrite: 0 to numerous
axon: 1 w/multiple terminals
FAT is white in a T1 or T2 image?
T1 (FAT1)
List the view of the brain A-D
Inferior view
Superior view
Right lateral view
Left lateral view
Ridge of the Cotrex:
Grooves between gyri:
gyrus/gyri
sulcus/sulci
List the brain structures A-F:
A. Frontal lobe
B. Parietal lobe
C. Occipital lobe
D.Temporal lobe
E. Brainstem
F. Cerebellum
MRI or CT?
T1 or T2 image?
MRI
T2: both fat and water are white (WW2)
Precentral gyrus vs. Postcentral gyrus:
pre: primary______cortex ; post: primary _____ cortex
pre: primary motor cortex (M1) ; post: primary sensory cortex (S1)
Precentral gyrus: M1 contains which sulci?
cingulate sulcus
central sulcus
Postcentral gyrus: S1 contains which sulci?
lateral sulcus
Primary auditory cortex (A1) contains which sulci?
parietaloccipital sulcus
preoccipital notch
Primary visual cortex (V1) contains which sulcus?
Calcarine sulcus
Where are the somata and dendrites of neurons located?
gray matter
White matter consists of ____________ mixed with ____________ _______ bundles.
myelinated; unmyelinated axonal
What fibers in the white matter are unique and why?
Long fibers: interlobar fibers
-they connect from the post. occipital lobe –> frontal lobe
-other fibers stay within the same lobe
Axonal bundles to communicate with other structures:
efferent
Axonal bundles from other structures:
afferent
Lateralization means:
L hemi function:
R hemi function:
symmetrical structurally but different functionally
L: language, understand, and express
R: spatial orientation, emotion and prosody of language
What are the 6 components of the basal nuclei?
Which 2 components are not a part of the telencephalon?
caudate
nucleus accumbens
putamen
global pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substania nigra
What 4 components make up the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalmus
Subthalamus
_____ forms lateral wall of lateral ventricle
______ forms lateral wall of 3rd ventricle
______ forms anterolateral wall of 3rd ventricle
caudate
thalamus
hypothalamus
Where is the origination of CN II optic n. located?
diencephalon
What are the functions of pre and postcentral gyri?
pre-motor
post- sensory
What location in the midbrain does CN III arise from __________
superior colliculus
What location in the midbrain does CN IV arise from _______
inferior colliculus
What part of the brain do MOST projection fibers end?
Pons
What 4 CN nerves are located in are located in the pons/pontomedullary junction
CN V, trigeminal*
CN VI, abducens
CN VII, facial
CN VIII, vestibulocochlear
What is the only cranial n. attaching posterior brain stem?
CN IV, trochlear
CN _______ comes off the pyramid and CN ________ & _______ come off the olive.
CN XII, hypoglossal; CN IX, glossopharyngeal, CN X, vagus
A patient complains of right lower limb paresthesias and weakness after stroke. Which brain structure is impaired?
Left hemisphere
Where is the attachment of CN XI, spinal accessory
spinal cord
The cerebellum is the floor of the 4th ventricle. T or F?
False; roof
Hindbrain contains which structures?
cerebellum, pons & medulla
What is the structure indicated by x
thalamus
CT or MRI scan? Section plane? Which cerebral lobe is indicated by the “X”
CT; coronal plane; L frontal lobe
