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neurobiology > Lecture 3: forebrain - telencephalon & diencephalon > Flashcards

Lecture 3: forebrain - telencephalon & diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

what two structures divide the forebrain and midbrain?

A

mammillary body and posterior commissure

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2
Q

Amygdala and hippocampus are components of _____ system and located in the ______

A

limbic
telencephalon

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3
Q

cerebral cortex is ______ thick and is responsible for _______ functions like perception, memory and decision making

A

2-4 mm
cognitive

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4
Q

what are the two regions of the cerebral cortex & how do they differ?

A
  1. neocortex - newer, 6 organized layers, higher level thinking
  2. allocortex - part of limbic system, less than
    6 layers, made up of two regions
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5
Q

what are the two regions of the allocortex?

A
  1. paleocortex - 3-5 layers, found in amygdala, olfactory cortex (smell)
  2. archicortex - found in hippocampus, only 3 layers, memory
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6
Q

list the 6 layers of the neocortex from outermost –> innermost

A
  1. molecular layer: almost no neurons
  2. external granular layer
  3. external pyramidal layer
  4. internal granular layer
  5. internal pyramidal layer
  6. multiform layer
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7
Q

sensory or motor cortex?

thicker, agranular =
thinner, granular =

A

motor
sensory

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8
Q

which cerebral arteries support the frontal lobe?

A

MCA
ACA

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9
Q

what are two types of neurons in the neocortex and how do they differ?
what are their neurotransmitters?

A
  1. pyramidal cells - sends signal out of cerebral cortex (efferent) with long range projections (dendrites) that ascend to layer I. pyramidal shaped cell bodies. excitatory neurons = glutamate/aspartate as neurotransmitter
  2. interneurons - processes afferent info (stays in cerebral cortex). smaller, more localized dendrites. mainly inhibitory neurons = GABA as neurotransmitter but also excitatory neurons = glutamate as neurotransmitter
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10
Q

Name the correct Brodmann’s area:
- M1:
- S1:
- V1:
- A1:
- Broca’s area (& which hemisphere?)
- Wernicke’s area (& which hemisphere?)

A
  • 4 (precentral gyrus, frontal lobe)
  • 3, 1, 2 (postcentral gyrus, parietal lobe)
  • 17 (occipital lobe)
  • 41, 42 (temporal lobe)
  • 44, 45 ; L hemisphere
  • 22 ; L hemisphere
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11
Q

regarding Broca’s and Wernicke’s area, which side corresponding areas are for language prosody?

A

Right

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12
Q

what is the difference between unimodal association cortex and multimodal association cortex?

A

unimodal - input mainly from S1, location of memory to associated primary cortex

multimodal - input from different sources, bidirectional communication w/ sensory & motor cortex, metacognition & integration

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13
Q

** MRI slide 12 **

A
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14
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the neocortex w/ 100 neurons?

A

minicolumn

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15
Q

______ interneurons = localized
_______ interneurons = long distance

A

cortical
subcortical

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16
Q

_______ is an example of vertical communication within axonal bundles because the communication goes _____ to _______

______ is an example of transverse communication within axonal bundles because the communication goes ______ to _______

A

corticospinal tract ; top to bottom & vice versa

corpus callosum ; side to side

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17
Q

outer band of Baillarger comes from ________ and is in layer _____

inner band of Baillarger goes to ______ and is in layer _____

A

thalamus ; layer IV

other CNS locations ; layer V

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18
Q

which layer in the neocortex is NOT an efferent fiber?

A

layer IV - afferent

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19
Q

neocortex layers I-III contain ______ and ______ fibers
how do they communicate?

A

association fibers - communicating in the same hemisphere

commissural fibers - communicating between 2 hemispheres

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20
Q

neocortex layers IV-VI contain _______ fibers
how do they communicate?

A

projection fibers
layer IV - from thalamus to cortex
layer V & VI - from cortex to other subcortical CNS structures

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21
Q

long association fibers:
- superior longitudinal fasciculus connects:
- arcuate fasciculus connects:
- uncinate fasciculus connects:
- cingulum connects:

A
  • frontal, parietal and occipital lobes
  • frontal and temporal lobes
  • orbitofrontal and temporal lobe
  • cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus
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22
Q

what are the 3 commissural fiber tracts?
what do they connect?

A
  1. corpus callosum - forms roof of both lateral ventricles
  2. anterior commissure - connects part of bilateral olfactory pathways and temporal lobes
  3. posterior commissure - connects part of bilateral visual pathways for pupillary reflex
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23
Q

what are projection fibers?

A

axonal bundles that connect cerebral cortex and subcortical CNS structures

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24
Q

what are the 3 parts to the projection fibers?
- what are the pathways/tracts that correspond with each of the functions?

A
  1. sensory pathways - afferent fibers mostly relayed by thalamus except olfactory pathway
  2. coordination and planning - corticobasal nuclei tract and corticopontine tract (most of efferent fibers)
  3. motor control - corticobulbar tract (efferent fibers to brainstem) and corticospinal tract (efferent fibers to spinal cord)
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25
Q

projection fibers form tracts that pass between _______ and _______

A

basal nuclei and thalamus

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26
Q

what is the genu?

A

between the anterior and posterior limb - interventricular foramen is also located here

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27
Q

what are the 4 basal nuclei components in the telencephalon?

A

putamen
nucleus accumbens
caudate
globus pallidus

28
Q

what are gaps between caudate and putamen/globus pallidus known as?

A

anterior limb of internal capsule

29
Q

what are the 4 primary components and the one cranial nerve that make up the diencephalon?
** which one is a component of the basal nuclei?

A

epithalamus (pineal gland)
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus (subthalamic nuclei)**
optic nerve, CN II

30
Q

another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and located in the hypothalamus

A

neurohypophysis

31
Q

what does the intramedullary lamina do?

A

divides the anterior, medial and lateral compartments of the thalamus
–> which further divide into different nuclei according to their functions

32
Q

slide 24 CT scan

A
33
Q

what are the functions of the following thalamic nuclei?
- anterior nucleus
- ventral anterior/lateral nuclei (VA/VL)
- ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)
- ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)
- lateral geniculate nucleus (LG)
- medial geniculate nucleus (MG)

A
  • limbic system (memory, emotions, behavior regulation)
  • motor control
  • somatic sensory of body
  • somatic sensory of face/head
  • visual pathway (Light)
  • auditory pathway (Music)
34
Q

center of ANS
bridging nervous system and endocrine system
defines life and death
regulates homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

35
Q

the frontal lobe is part of the primary motor cortex which is located where? functions?

A

precentral gyrus, M1
head and body motor functions with input from basal nuclei and cerebellum

36
Q

what does the premotor cortex in the frontal lobe do? it has strong input to and from the _______

A

organizes and plans postural adjustments for skilled movement

basal nuclei

37
Q

what does the supplementary motor area in the frontal lobe do?

A

motor planing - praxis (organizing, sequencing)

38
Q

is there is L sided injury to the supplementary motor area, what would the pt experience?

A

apraxia
no purposeful/ordered movements which peripheral structures function normally

39
Q

what does the Broca’s area do and where is it located?

A

coordinating speech muscles
in motor association cortex

40
Q

what does the frontal eye field area in the frontal lobe do?

A

coordinate eye movement for balance - CN III/VI
drives eyes to contralateral side

41
Q

a _______ injury to the frontal eye field causes a gain of function, moves eyes to the normal side. Example is epilepsy or infection

A

irritative

42
Q

a ______ injury to the frontal eye field causes a loss of function, moves eyes to injured side. Example is a stroke

A

destructive

43
Q

what is the last maturing brain structure?

A

left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

44
Q

what is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

personality, limbic system

45
Q

Where are the most efferent fibers located?

A

Internal capsule

46
Q

the parietal lobe is part of the ______ cortex located on the ______ and has a ___ neuron pathway

A

primary somatic sensory cortex
postcentral gyrus
3

47
Q

a defect in the primary somatic sensory cortex can cause agnosia. what is that?

A

lack of knowledge, probably with intact other sensory perception
–> inability to interpret sensations

48
Q

the right hemisphere in the parietal lobe does what?

A

attention
giving emotional significance to events and language
music perception
complex visual-spatial skills –> spatial cognition

49
Q

if you have loss of function of R hemisphere in parietal lobe, what is a result?

A

left hemineglect syndrome (left side neglect)

50
Q

the left hemisphere in the parietal lobe does what?

A

praxis (coordinating, planning, moving)
motor function

51
Q

damage to the left hemisphere in the parietal lobe causes ___

A

apraxia (loss of ability to execute skilled movement despite having the physical ability to do so)

52
Q

the corticospinal tract mainly functions in _______, which comes from the frontal lobe.
However, ______% of axons in the corticospinal tract come from the _________ lobe, which deals mainly with sensory

A

motor control
30%
parietal

53
Q

which cortex is the occipital lobe located in?
_____ neuron pathway
has the _____-otopy, which is ?

A

primary visual cortex
3
retinotopy - mapping of visual input

54
Q

what is the flow of the 3 neuron pathway for visual stimuli?

A

1st order neurons: retina –> transmit visual info from photoreceptors to brain to form optic nerve

2nd: optic nerve exchanges retina fibers at optic chiasm (relay station)

3rd: optic tract synapses in LGN where it sends visual info to V1 in occipital lobe to process

55
Q

vision is a _______ perception.
there are many _______ ______ that project to multiple locations that work together to process visual stimuli for circadian rhythm and other functions

A

learned
parallel pathways

56
Q

which cortex is the temporal lobe located in?
_____ neuron system
has the _____-otopy, which is ?

A

primary auditory cortex
4
tonotopy –> spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed

57
Q

what are functions of the primary auditory cortex?

A

initial area for language processing
decoding sounds to meaningful words
localization of sound resources
association area for language

58
Q

slide 36 picture

A
59
Q

L hemisphere is in charge of _____
R hemisphere is in charge of _______

A

language reception and expression
prosody of language (rhythm and sound)

60
Q

Wernicke’s area is Brodman area _____
if there is damage to this area, what happens?

A

22
difficulty understanding language and forming meaningful sentences

61
Q

Broca’s area is Brodman area ___ and ___
if there is damage to this area, what happens?

A

44 and 45
patient knows what they want to say but can’t pronounce words

62
Q

integration of L and R hemisphere is through the ______ _______

A

corpus callosum

63
Q

receptive/fluent aphasia is damage to the _____
–> alexia is:

A

wernicke’s area
unable to read

64
Q

expressive/non-fluent aphasia is damage to the _______
–> agraphia is:

A

broca’s area
unable to write

65
Q

what is conduction aphasia and what structure is impaired to cause this?

A

dissociation of comprehension and expression
arcuate fasciculus impaired

neurobiology (15 decks)

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