Lecture 8

Question 1

Cells of the body are serviced by 2 fluids

Answer 1

blood
composed of plasma and a variety of cells
interstitial fluid
bathes the cells of the body

Question 2

Fluids of the Body:

Answer 2

• Cells
• Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid & then into the cells
• Wastes move in the reverse direction

Question 3

Hematology

Answer 3

is study of blood and blood disorders

Question 4

Functions of Blood

Answer 4

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

Question 5

Transportation of?

Answer 5

O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat & hormones

Question 6

Regulation:

Answer 6

• helps regulate pH through buffers
• helps regulate body temperature
  
  • -coolant properties of water
  • -vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat
• helps regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved ions and proteins

Question 7

Protection from?

Answer 7

disease & loss of blood

Question 8

Physical Characteristics of Blood

Answer 8

-Thicker (more viscous) than water and flows more slowly than water
-Temperature of 100.4 degrees F
-pH 7.4 (7.35-7.45)
-8 % of total body weight
-Blood volume:
5 to 6 liters in average male
4 to 5 liters in average female
hormonal negative feedback systems maintain constant blood volume and osmotic pressure

Question 9

Hematocrit

Answer 9

55% plasma
45% cells
99% RBCs

Question 10

Blood Plasma

Answer 10

Over 90% water
7% plasma proteins
created in liver
confined to bloodstream: albumin, globulins, fibronogen
2 % other substances

Question 11

albumin:

Answer 11

maintain blood osmotic pressure

Question 12

glubulins (immunoglobulins)

Answer 12

antibodies bind to foreignsubstances called antigens

form antigen-antibody complexes

Question 13

fibrinogen is used for

Answer 13

clotting

Question 14

2% other substances =

Answer 14

electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products

Question 15

Formed Elements of Blood

Answer 15

RBC
WBC
Platelets

Question 16

WBC (leukocytes)

Answer 16

granular, agranular

Question 17

granular leukocytes =

Answer 17

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 18

agranular leukocytes =

Answer 18

lymphocytes = T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

monocytes

Question 19

Percentage of blood occupied by cells

Answer 19

female normal range
38 - 46% (average of 42%)
male normal range
40 - 54% (average of 46%)
testosterone

Question 20

Anemia

Answer 20

not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin

Question 21

Polycythemia

Answer 21

too many RBCs (over 65%)

dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping in athletes

Question 22

Most blood cells types need to be continually replaced

Answer 22

die within hours, days or weeks

process of blood cells formation is hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis

Question 23

In the embryo

Answer 23

occurs in yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes & red bone marrow

Question 24

In adult

Answer 24

occurs only in red marrow of flat bones like sternum, ribs, skull & pelvis and ends of long bones

Question 25

Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes:

Answer 25

-Contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives blood its red color:
1/3 of cell’s weight is hemoglobin
-Biconcave disk 8 microns in diameter:
increased surface area/volume ratio
flexible shape for narrow passages
no nucleus or other organelles
no cell division or mitochondrial ATP formation

Question 26

Normal RBC count

Answer 26

male 5.4 million/drop —- female 4.8 million/drop

new RBCs enter circulation at 2 million/second

Question 27

Hemoglobin:

Answer 27

Globin protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains

One heme pigment attached to each polypeptide chain

Question 28

each heme contains

Answer 28

an iron ion (Fe+2) that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule (Fe = ferric + O = oxygen)

Question 29

Transport of O2, CO2 and Nitric Oxide:

Answer 29

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules from lungs to tissue cells
Hemoglobin transports 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for release
Hemoglobin transports nitric oxide & super nitric oxide helping to regulate blood pressure
iron ions pick up nitric oxide (NO) & super nitric oxide (SNO)& transport it to & from the lungs

Question 30

Fate of Components of Heme: Iron =

Answer 30

• transported in blood attached to transferrin protein
• stored in liver, muscle or spleen
  - -attached to ferritin or hemosiderin protein
• in bone marrow being used for hemoglobin synthesis

Question 31

Fate of Components of Heme: Biliverdin (green) converted to bilirubin (yellow)

Answer 31

bilirubin secreted by liver into bile:

• converted to urobilinogen then stercobilin (brown pigment in feces) by bacteria of large intestine
• if reabsorbed from intestines into blood is converted to a yellow pigment, urobilin and excreted in urine

Question 32

Tissue hypoxia (cells not getting enough O2)

Answer 32

high altitude since air has less O2
anemia
RBC production falls below RBC destruction
circulatory problems

Question 33

Kidney response to hypoxia

Answer 33

release erythropoietin

speeds up development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes

Question 34

Platelet (Thrombocyte) Anatomy:

Answer 34

Disc-shaped, 2 - 4 micron cell fragment with no nucleus
Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/drop of blood
Other blood cell counts
5 million red & 5-10,000 white blood cells

Question 35

Platelets–Life History:

Answer 35

Short life span (5 to 9 days in bloodstream)
formed in bone marrow
few days in circulating blood
aged ones removed by fixed macrophages in liver and spleen

Question 36

Complete Blood Count:

Answer 36

Total RBC, WBC & platelet counts; differential WBC; hematocrit and hemoglobin measurements
Normal hemoglobin range
infants have 14 to 20 g/100mL of blood
adult females have 12 to 16 g/100mL of blood
adult males have 13.5 to 18g/100mL of blood