Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology II > Lecture 27 > Flashcards

Lecture 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Sodium most abundant

A

extracellular ion

-accounts for 1/2 of osmolarity of ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sodium Average daily intake

A

exceeds normal requirements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sodium Hormonal controls: aldosterone causes

A
  • increased reabsorption Na+

- -acts on Principle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sodium Hormonal controls: ADH release ceases if

A

Na+ levels too low–dilute urine lost until Na+ levels rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sodium Hormonal controls: ANP increases

A

Na+ and water excretion if Na+ levels too high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sodium retention causes

A

-water retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

edema is

A

abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid

water swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of sodium retention

A

renal failure

hyperaldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Excessive loss of sodium causes

A
  • excessive loss of water (low blood volume)
  • -due to inadequate secretion of aldosterone
  • -too many diuretics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chloride is the most

A

prevalent extracellular anion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chloride Moves

A

easily between compartments due to Cl- leakage channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chloride Helps

A

balance anions in different compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chloride Regulation:

A
  • passively follows Na+ so it is regulated indirectly by aldosterone levels
  • ADH helps regulate Cl- in body fluids because it controls water loss in urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chloride shifts and

A

hydrochloric acid of gastric juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Potassium the most

A

abundant cation in intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Potassium helps

A

establish resting membrane potential & repolarize nerve & muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Potassium is Exchanged for

A

H+ to help regulate pH in intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Potassium Control is mainly by

A

aldosterone which stimulates principal cells to increase K+ secretion into the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

abnormal plasma K+ levels do what?

A

adversely affect cardiac and neuromuscular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bicarbonate Common for

A

extracellular anion

Major buffer in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bicarbonate Concentration increases as blood flows through

A

systemic capillaries due to CO2 released from metabolically active cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bicarbonate Concentration decreases as blood flows through

A

pulmonary capillaries and CO2 is exhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Kidneys are main

A

regulator of plasma levels

  • intercalated cells form more if levels are too low
  • excrete excess in the urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Calcium Most abundant

A

mineral in body (skeleton & teeth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Calcium has what cation?

A

Abundant extracellular cation in body fluids

26
Q

Important role in calcium

A

blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone & nerve and muscle function

27
Q

Calcium Regulated by

A

parathyroid hormone

28
Q

Calcium in parathyroid hormone stimulates

A

osteoclasts to release calcium from bone

29
Q

Calcium in parathyroid hormone increases

A

production of calcitriol

-cannot absorb calcium from food

30
Q

Phosphate Present as

A

calcium phosphate in bones and teeth, and in phospholipids, ATP, DNA and RNA

31
Q

HPO4 -2 is important

A

intracellular anion and acts as buffer of H+ in body fluids and in urine

32
Q

What act as buffers in the blood

A

mono and dihydrogen phosphate

33
Q

Plasma levels are regulated by

A

parathyroid hormone & calcitriol

34
Q

resorption of bone

A

releases phosphate

35
Q

in the kidney, PTH

A

increase phosphate excretion

36
Q

calcitriol increases

A

GI absorption of phosphate

37
Q

Magnesium Found in

A

bone matrix and as ions in body fluids

38
Q

***Magnesium has the

A

intracellular cofactor for metabolic enzymes, heart, muscle & nerve function

39
Q

Magnesium is first thing that is dumped due to these problems:

A

Urinary excretion increased in hypercalcemia, hypermagnesemia, increased extracellular fluid volume, decreases in parathyroid hormone and acidosis

40
Q

Homeostasis of H+ concentration is

A

vital

41
Q

proteins 3-D structure sensitive to

A

pH changes

42
Q

normal plasma pH must be maintained between

A

7.35 - 7.45

43
Q

diet high in proteins tends to

A

acidify the blood

44
Q

***3 major MECHANISMS to regulate pH:

A
  1. buffer system
  2. exhalation of CO2
  3. kidney excretion of H+
45
Q

Actions of Buffer Systems Prevent

A

rapid, drastic changes in pH

46
Q

Actions of Buffer Systems work in how much time?

A

fractions of a second

47
Q

Buffers Found in

A

fluids of the body

48
Q

Buffers do what to strong acid or base?

A

change either into weak ones

49
Q

***3 principal BUFFER systems

A
  1. protein buffer system
  2. carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
  3. phosphate buffer system
50
Q

Protein Buffer System:

A
  1. Abundant in intracellular fluids & in plasma
  2. Amino acids contains at least one carboxyl group (-COOH) and at least one amino group (-NH2)
  3. Hemoglobin acts as a buffer in blood by picking up CO2 or H+
51
Q
  1. PBS: hemoglobin very good at
A

buffering H+ in RBCs

52
Q
  1. PBS: albumin is main
A

plasma protein buffer

53
Q
  1. PBs: carboxyl group acts like
A

an acid & releases H+

54
Q
  1. PBS: amino group acts like a
A

base & combines with H+

55
Q

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System:

A
  1. Acts as extracellular & intracellular buffer system
  2. At a pH of 7.4, bicarbonate ion concentration is about 20 times that of carbonic acid
  3. Can not protect against pH changes due to respiratory problems
56
Q

CAB: 1. bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) can act as

A

a weak base

-holds excess H+

57
Q

CAB: 1.

A 
carbonic acid (H2CO3) can act as weak acid
-dissociates into H+ ions
58
Q

Phosphate Buffer System: Most important

A

intracellularly, but also acts to buffer acids in the urine

59
Q

Phosphate Buffer System: Dihydrogen phosphate ion acts as a

A

weak acid that can buffer a strong base

60
Q

Phosphate Buffer System: Monohydrogen phosphate acts a

A

weak base by buffering the H+ released by a strong acid

Anatomy and Physiology II (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions