Lecture 14 Flashcards
Cells continually use
O2 & release CO2
Respiratory system designed for
gas exchange
Cardiovascular system transports
gases in blood
Failure of either system =
rapid cell death from O2 starvat
Anatomy for Respiratory:
Nose Pharynx Larynx = voicebox Trachea = windpipe Bronchi = airways Lungs
Pharynx =
throat
Larynx =
voicebox
Trachea =
windpipe
Bronchi =
airways
Locations of infections:
- upper respiratory tract is above vocal cords
- lower respiratory tract is below vocal cords
- Nose: External Nasal Structures:
- Skin, nasal bones, & cartilage lined with mucous membrane
- Openings called external nares or nostrils
Presence of adipose tissue =
insulation
Nose: Internal Structures:
Roof
Internal nares (choanae)
Nasal septum
Bony swelling or conchase
Roof is made up of
ethmoid and floor is hard palate
Internal nares (choanae) are
openings to pharynx
Nasal septum is composed of
bone & cartilage
Bony swelling or conchae on
lateral walls
Functions of Nose:
Olfactory epithelium
Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar
Paranasal sinuses
Olfactory epithelium
for sense of smell
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with
Goblet cells lines nasal cavity:
- warms air
- moistens air and traps dust
- cilia moves across mucous
Paranasal sinuses open into
nasal cavity:
lighten skull and resonate voice
- Pharynx:
- Muscular tube
- Extends
- 3 Distinct regions
Pharynx: Muscular tube:
(5 inch long) hanging from skull
-skeletal muscle (voluntary) & mucous membrane
Pharynx: Extends from
internal nares to cricoid cartilage
Pharynx: Functions:
- passageway for food and air
- resonating chamber for speech production
- tonsil (lymphatic tissue) in the walls protects entryway into body
Pharynx: 3 regions:
nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx:
- From choanae to soft palate(openings of auditory)
- Passageway for air only (pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium)
Oropharynx:
-does not have ciliated cells
-From soft palate to epiglottis
-Common passageway for food & air, water
(stratifued squamous epithelium)
Laryngopharynx:
-Extends from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
-Common passageway for food & air & ends as esophagus inferiorly
(stratified squamous epithelium)
- Cartilages of the Larynx:
- Thyroid cartilage
- Epiglottis
- Cricoid cartilage
- Pair of arytenoid cartilages
Thyroid cartilage forms
Adam’s apple - testosterone dependent
Epiglottis–
- leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage
- bends to cover glottis
Cricoid cartilage—
ring of cartilage attached to top of trachea
Pair of arytenoid cartilages sit upon
cricoid
- responsible for own movement
- partially buried in vocal folds
Larynx:
- Cartilage & connective tissue tube
- Anterior to C4 to C6
- Constructed of 3 single & 3 paired cartilages
Vocal Cords:
True and False
False vocal cords:(ventricular folds) found above
vocal folds (true vocal cords) -structure
True vocal cords attach to
arytenoid cartilages
-sounds
The Structures of Voice Production:True vocal cord contains both
skeletal muscle and an elastic ligament (vocal ligament)
When 10 intrinsic muscles of the larynx contract =
move cartilages & stretch vocal cord tight
When air is pushed past tight ligament =
sound is produced
The tighter the ligament
the higher the pitch
To increase volume of sound =
push air harder
- Trachea
- Size is 5 in long & 1in diameter
- Extends from larynx to T5 anterior to the esophagus and then splits into bronchi
- Layers
4 Layers of Trachea:
- mucosa
- submucosa
- hyaline cartilage
- adventitia
mucosa =
pseudostratified columnar with cilia & goblet
submucosa =
loose connective tissue & seromucous glands
hyaline cartilage =
16 to 20 incomplete rings
-open side facing esophagus contains trachealis m. (smooth)
adventitia =
binds it to other organs
Trachea and Bronchial Tree
Full extent of airways is visible starting at the larynx and trachea
Branching sequence:
- Pimary bronchi
- Secondary bronchu
- Tertiary bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
Branching sequence provide:
- airway to each lobe of lungs
- from larynx down = airway exchange is purpose
Histology of the Trachea:
- Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Hyaline cartilage as C-shaped structure closed by trachealis muscle
- expansion of esophagus
Airway Epithelium:
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells produce moving mucus.
Intubation:
- Reestablishing flow
- passing a tube from mouth or nose through larynx and trachea
Tracheostomy:
- Reestablishing flow
- incision in trachea below cricoid cartilage if larynx is obstructed
