1. Nose: External Nasal Structures:

- Skin, nasal bones, & cartilage lined with mucous membrane - Openings called external nares or nostrils

- Muscular tube - Extends - 3 Distinct regions

Lecture 14 Flashcards by Katie Hostetter

Cells continually use

O2 & release CO2

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Respiratory system designed for

gas exchange

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Cardiovascular system transports

gases in blood

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Failure of either system =

rapid cell death from O2 starvat

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Anatomy for Respiratory:

Nose
Pharynx 
Larynx = voicebox
Trachea = windpipe
Bronchi = airways
Lungs

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Pharynx =

throat

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Larynx =

voicebox

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Trachea =

windpipe

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Bronchi =

airways

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Locations of infections:

upper respiratory tract is above vocal cords

- lower respiratory tract is below vocal cords

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Nose: External Nasal Structures:

Skin, nasal bones, & cartilage lined with mucous membrane
Openings called external nares or nostrils

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Presence of adipose tissue =

insulation

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Nose: Internal Structures:

Roof
Internal nares (choanae)
Nasal septum
Bony swelling or conchase

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Roof is made up of

ethmoid and floor is hard palate

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Internal nares (choanae) are

openings to pharynx

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Nasal septum is composed of

bone & cartilage

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Bony swelling or conchae on

lateral walls

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Functions of Nose:

Olfactory epithelium
Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar
Paranasal sinuses

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Olfactory epithelium

for sense of smell

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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with

Goblet cells lines nasal cavity:

warms air
moistens air and traps dust
cilia moves across mucous

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Paranasal sinuses open into

nasal cavity:

lighten skull and resonate voice

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Pharynx:

Muscular tube
Extends
3 Distinct regions

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Pharynx: Muscular tube:

(5 inch long) hanging from skull

-skeletal muscle (voluntary) & mucous membrane

Pharynx: Extends from

internal nares to cricoid cartilage

Pharynx: Functions:

- passageway for food and air - resonating chamber for speech production - tonsil (lymphatic tissue) in the walls protects entryway into body

Pharynx: 3 regions:

nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx:

- From choanae to soft palate(openings of auditory) | - Passageway for air only (pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

Oropharynx:

-does not have ciliated cells -From soft palate to epiglottis -Common passageway for food & air, water (stratifued squamous epithelium)

Laryngopharynx:

-Extends from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage -Common passageway for food & air & ends as esophagus inferiorly (stratified squamous epithelium)

3. Cartilages of the Larynx:

1. Thyroid cartilage 2. Epiglottis 3. Cricoid cartilage 4. Pair of arytenoid cartilages

Thyroid cartilage forms

Adam’s apple - testosterone dependent

Epiglottis--

- leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage | - bends to cover glottis

Cricoid cartilage---

ring of cartilage attached to top of trachea

Pair of arytenoid cartilages sit upon

cricoid - responsible for own movement - partially buried in vocal folds

Larynx:

1. Cartilage & connective tissue tube 2. Anterior to C4 to C6 3. Constructed of 3 single & 3 paired cartilages

Vocal Cords:

True and False

False vocal cords:(ventricular folds) found above

``` vocal folds (true vocal cords) -structure ```

True vocal cords attach to

arytenoid cartilages | -sounds

The Structures of Voice Production:True vocal cord contains both

skeletal muscle and an elastic ligament (vocal ligament)

When 10 intrinsic muscles of the larynx contract =

move cartilages & stretch vocal cord tight

When air is pushed past tight ligament =

sound is produced

The tighter the ligament

the higher the pitch

To increase volume of sound =

push air harder

4. Trachea

- Size is 5 in long & 1in diameter - Extends from larynx to T5 anterior to the esophagus and then splits into bronchi - Layers

4 Layers of Trachea:

1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. hyaline cartilage 4. adventitia

mucosa =

pseudostratified columnar with cilia & goblet

submucosa =

loose connective tissue & seromucous glands

hyaline cartilage =

16 to 20 incomplete rings | -open side facing esophagus contains trachealis m. (smooth)

adventitia =

binds it to other organs

Trachea and Bronchial Tree

Full extent of airways is visible starting at the larynx and trachea

Branching sequence:

1. Pimary bronchi 2. Secondary bronchu 3. Tertiary bronchi 4. Bronchioles 5. Terminal bronchioles

Branching sequence provide:

- airway to each lobe of lungs | - from larynx down = airway exchange is purpose

Histology of the Trachea:

- Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium - Hyaline cartilage as C-shaped structure closed by trachealis muscle - expansion of esophagus

Airway Epithelium:

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells produce moving mucus.

Intubation:

- Reestablishing flow | - passing a tube from mouth or nose through larynx and trachea

Tracheostomy:

- Reestablishing flow | - incision in trachea below cricoid cartilage if larynx is obstructed