Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Urine flows

A

Urine flows –> kidney –> down its ureter –> bladder –> the outside via the urethra

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2
Q

Urinary system =

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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3
Q

Filter:

A

the blood and return most of water and solutes to the bloodstream

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4
Q

Overview of Kidney Functions:

A
  1. Regulation of blood ionic composition, blood pH, osmolarity, and glucose, blood volume, blood pressure
  2. Release of erythropoietin and calcitriol
  3. Excretion of wastes & foreign substances
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5
Q

Regulation of blood ionic composition:

A

Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl- and phosphate ions

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6
Q

Regulation of blood volume:

A

conserving or eliminating water

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7
Q

Regulation of blood pressure

A
  • secreting the enzyme renin

- adjusting renal resistance

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8
Q

Drainage system fills

A

renal sinus cavity

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9
Q

Drainage system minor and major calyces…

A

empty into the renal pelvis which empties into the ureter

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10
Q

Blood & Nerve Supply of Kidney: Abundantly supplied with

A
  • blood vessels

- receive 25% of resting cardiac output via renal arteries

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11
Q

Functions of different capillary beds:

A
  1. glomerular capillaries
  2. peritubular capillaries
  3. vasa recta
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12
Q

glomerular capillaries:

A
  • where filtration of blood occurs

- vasoconstriction & vasodilation of afferent & efferent arterioles produce large changes in renal filtration

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13
Q

peritubular capillaries:

A

carry away reabsorbed substances from filtrate

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14
Q

vasa recta:

A

supplies nutrients to medulla without disrupting its osmolarity form

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15
Q

Blood & Nerve Supply of Kidney: regulate blood flow & renal resistance by altering arterioles

A

Sympathetic vasomotor nerves

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16
Q

Blood Vessels around the Nephron:

A

Glomerular capillaries

Efferent arterioles

17
Q

Glomerular capillaries are formed between

A

the afferent & efferent arterioles

18
Q

Efferent arterioles give rise to

A

the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

19
Q

The Nephron:

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Renal tubule
  3. Collecting ducts and papillary ducts
20
Q

Renal corpuscle =

A

site of plasma filtration

21
Q

Renal corpuscle: 2 components

A
  1. glomerulus is capillaries where filtration occurs

2. glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule is double-walled epithelial cup that collects filtrate

22
Q

Renal tubule=

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henle dips down into medulla
  • distal convoluted tubule
23
Q

Collecting ducts and papillary ducts:

A

drain urine to the renal pelvis and ureter

24
Q

Cortical Nephron:

A
  • 80-85% of nephrons are cortical nephrons

- Renal corpuscles are in outer cortex and loops of Henle lie mainly in cortex

25
Q

Flow of Fluid through a Cortical Nephron:

A

Glomenular capsule –> Proximal convoluted tubule –> Descending limb of the loop of Henle –> Ascending limb of the loop of Henle –> Distal convoluted tubule

26
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephron:

A
  • 15-20% of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons
  • Renal corpuscles close to medulla and long loops of Henle extend into deepest medulla: excretion of dilute or concentrated urine
27
Q

Flow of Fluid through a Juxtamedullary Nephron:

A

Glomenular capsule –> Proximal convoluted tubule –> Descending limb of the loop of Henle –> Thin Ascending limb of the loop of Henle –> Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle –> Distal convoluted tubule

28
Q

Histology of the Nephron & Collecting Duct:

A
  • Single layer of epithelial cells forms walls of entire tube
  • Distinctive features due to function of each region
29
Q

Distinctive features due to function of each region:

A

microvilli
cuboidal versus simple
hormone receptors

30
Q

Structure of Renal Corpuscle:

A

Bowman’s capsule

Glomerular capillaries

31
Q

Structure of Renal Corpuscle:Bowman’s capsule

A
  • surrounds capsular space
    1. podocytes
    2. simple squamous
32
Q

podocytes cover

A

capillaries to form visceral layer

33
Q

simple squamous cells form

A

parietal layer of capsule

34
Q

Glomerular capillaries arise from what and form what?

A

afferent arteriole & form a ball before emptying into efferent arteriole

35
Q

capsule space is where

A

filtrate accumulates

36
Q

Number of Nephrons:

A
  1. Remains constant from birth

2. If injured, no replacement occurs

37
Q

any increase in size of kidney is

A

size increase of individual nephrons

38
Q

Dysfunction is not evident until function:

A

declines by 25% of normal

39
Q

Removal of one kidney causes

A

enlargement of the remaining until it can filter at 80% of normal rate of 2 kidneys