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BIOL1030 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

how does exchange occur within unicellular organisms?

A

-directly with the environment

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2
Q

how does exchange occur within multicellular organisms?

A

-not direct with the environment
-done with specialized systems (ex: gills)

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3
Q

How does exchange work within small or thin animals?

A

-exchange materials directly with the surrounding medium (diffusion)

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4
Q

how does exchange work within more complex/larger animals?

A

-internal transport systems that connect organs with the bodies cells
-circulate with fluid (diffusion is too slow)

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5
Q

how does internal transport work with the gastrovascular cavities of simple animals such as cnidarians?

A

-the body wall enclosing the cavity is only 2 cells thick
-the cavity functions in digestion + distribution of substances
-some will have more elaborate cavities

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6
Q

how do internal circulatory systems work?

A

-gases transported between respiratory surfaces + deep tissues
-nutrients get taken up + distributed by the digestive tract
-allow for cell-cell communication through hormones

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7
Q

what is common to both open + closed circulatory systems?

A

-circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
-a set of tubes (blood vessels)
-a muscular pump (heart)

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8
Q

how does the heart push fluid through the circuit?

A

-uses metabolic energy to generate a pressure that forces fluid through the circuit

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9
Q

what animals have an open circulatory system?

A

-insects
-other arthropods
-most molluscs

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10
Q

what are the key aspects of an open circulatory system?

A

-blood bathes the organs directly
-no distinction between blood + interstitial fluid
-lower pressure needed

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11
Q

what is fluid in an open circulatory system referred to as?

A

-hemolymph

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12
Q

what animals have a closed circulatory system?

A

-annelids
-cephalopods
-vertebrates

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13
Q

what are the key aspects of a closed circulatory system?

A

-blood is confined to vessels
-blood is distinct from interstitial fluid
-higher pressure

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14
Q

which circulatory system is more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues + cells?

A

-closed circulatory system

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15
Q

how does chemical exchange occur within a closed circulatory system?

A

-blood > interstitial fluid > body cells

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16
Q

what can help deliver oxygen + nutrients more effectively in larger and more active animals?

A

-higher blood pressure

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17
Q

what are the 3 main types of blood vessels?

A

-arteries (smaller arteries called arterioles)
-capillaries
-veins (smaller veins called venules)

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18
Q

in which direction do arteries move?

A

-away from the heart towards the capillaries

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19
Q

what is key about capillaries?

A

-exchange with body cells
-have thin + porous walls to do so

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20
Q

what direction do veins move in?

A

-from capillaries towards the heart

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21
Q

what are capillary beds?

A

-networks of capillaries
-sites of chemical exchange between blood + interstitial fluid

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22
Q

what is the purpose of the atria?

A

-to receive blood

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23
Q

what is the purpose of the ventricles?

A

-to pump blood out

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24
Q

how many chambers do vertebrae hearts contain?

A

-2 or more

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25
Q

what animals have a single circulation system?

A

-bony fishes
-rays
-sharks

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26
Q

what does a single circulation system consist of?

A

-2 chambered heart
-1 atrium + 1 ventricle

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27
Q

what is the pathway through a single circulatory system?

A

-ventricle > arteries
-diffusion of oxygen into the blood from gills
-carbon dioxide diffuse out of the blood
-blood travels from gills to the rest of the body before returning to the heart

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28
Q

what are the disadvantages of a single circulation system?

A

-efficiency is low due to pressure dropping as blood passes through the gill capillaries
-heart must rely on deoxygenated blood for its metabolic needs

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29
Q

what is an advantage of a single circulation system?

A

-low metabolic demands

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30
Q

what animals have a double circulation system?

A

-amphibians
-reptiles
-mammals

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31
Q

what does it mean to have a double circulation system?

A

-oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart

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32
Q

what type of circuit does oxygen poor blood typically follow?

A

-pulmonary circuit to get oxygen from the lungs

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33
Q

what is the circuit for oxygen poor blood called in amphibians?

A

-pulmocutaneous circuit to get oxygen from the lungs and skin

34
Q

what type of circuit does oxygen rich blood deliver oxygen through?

A

-the systemic circuit

35
Q

what does a double circulation maintain?

A

-a higher blood pressure in the organs

36
Q

what animals have a 3 chambered heart with 2 atria and 1 ventricle?

A

-amphibians
-reptiles

37
Q

how does the ventricle of an amphibian split blood between circuits?

A

-pumps blood into a forked artery that splits the outputs between the two circuits

38
Q

what is key about an amphibians circulatory system underwater?

A

-blood flow to the lungs is nearly shut off

39
Q

how does the ventricle of a reptile split blood between circuits?

A

-ventricle is divided by a septum to partially or fully divide the ventricle

40
Q

how many chambers is a mammals/birds heart?

A

-4 chambers with 2 atria and 2 ventricles

41
Q

where does the blood from the left side of the heart go? what type of blood is this?

A

-to the body
-oxygen rich blood

42
Q

where does the blood from the right side of the heart go? what type of blood is this?

A

-to the lungs
-oxygen poor blood

43
Q

do endotherms or ectotherms require more oxygen?

A

-endotherms

44
Q

what is the purpose of gas exchange?

A

-to supply oxygen for cellular respiration
-dispose of carbon dioxide

45
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

-the pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases
-gases (O2 + CO2) will diffuse from a region with high partial pressure to a region with low partial pressure

46
Q

does air or water breathing require greater efficiency?

A

-water breathing
-less O2 content
-greater density
-higher viscosity

47
Q

what do animals require of their respiratory surfaces?

A

-need to be large + thin + moist

48
Q

what is the respiratory medium?

A

-either air or water
-where O2 is gained

49
Q

how does gas exchange take place across respiratory surfaces?

A

-diffusion

50
Q

what counts as a respiratory surface?

A

-lungs
-gills
-skin
-tracheae

51
Q

how do gills perform gas exchange?

A

-often have a greater total surface area than the bodys exterior
-ventilation aids in movement (moving through water)
-countercurrent exchange system (blood + water flow oppositely)

52
Q

how does the tracheal system of insects work?

A

-consists of tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body
-tracheal tubes supply O2 and remove CO2 directly
-respiratory + circulatory systems are separate

53
Q

how must larger insects ventilate their tracheal system?

A

-rhythmic body movements

54
Q

what correlates with the size and complexity of an animals lungs?

A

-their metabolic rate

55
Q

what is the big difference between the tracheal system and a system involving lungs?

A

-lungs are localized

56
Q

where are the lungs located?

A

-in the thoracic cavity

57
Q

what is the pathway of air in a mammalian respiratory system?

A

-nostrils > pharynx > larynx > trachea > 2 bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

58
Q

what occurs at the pharynx?

A

-paths for air and food cross

59
Q

what occurs at the alveoli?

A

-site of gas exchange

60
Q

what are the alveoli?

A

-air sacks clustered at the tips of the smallest bronchioles
-wrapped in capillaries for gas exchange

61
Q

what is positive pressure breathing? which animals use it to ventilate?

A

-forces air down the trachea
-amphibians

62
Q

what is negative pressure breathing? which animals use it to ventilate?

A

-pulls air into the lungs (inhalation) by varying the volume + pressure
-reduces air pressure in the lungs
-lung volume increases (ribs + diaphragm contract)

63
Q

what is tidal volume and residual volume?

A

-tidal = volume of air inhaled
-residual volume = volume of air after exhalation

64
Q

how do birds breathe?

A

-8 or 9 air sacs that keep air flowing through the lungs
-air passes the lungs in only one direction
-every exhalation renews the air in the lungs

65
Q

what are the 2 main breathing control centers in humans?

A

-medulla oblongata
-pons

66
Q

what does the medulla oblongata regulate?

A

-the rate + depth of breathing
-in response to pH changes (CO2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid)
-does so to match metabolic demands

67
Q

what does the pons regulate?

A

-the tempo of breathing

68
Q

what prevents the lungs from overexpanding?

A

-negative feedback mechanism
-sensors during inhalation detect stretching of the lung tissue
-will send nerve impulses to the medulla to stop further inhalation

69
Q

what is used as a secondary control over breathing? what is this important for?

A

-sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries monitor O2 + CO2 concentrations in blood
-important for modulating breathing in response to changes in oxygen levels

70
Q

what are the partial pressures of blood arriving in the lungs relative to the air in the alveoli?

A

-low partial pressure of O2
-high partial pressure of CO2
-O2 from air goes to blood
-CO2 from blood goes to air

71
Q

what do the partial pressure gradients favour in tissue capillaries?

A

-favour diffusion of O2 into the interstitial fluids and CO2 into blood

72
Q

what are respiratory pigments?

A

-proteins that transport oxygen
-increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

73
Q

what respiratory pigment do arthropods use?

A

-hemocyanin with copper as the oxygen binding component

74
Q

what respiratory pigment do vertebrates and some invertebrates use?

A

-hemoglobin

75
Q

where is hemoglobin contained within vertebrates?

A

-erythrocytes (RBC)

76
Q

how many O2 molecules can a single hemoglobin molecule carry?

A

-4
-one per iron containing heme group

77
Q

what can be shown in hemoglobin dissociation curves?

A

-a small change in the partial pressure of oxygen can result in a large change in the delivery of O2

78
Q

what is the bohr shift?

A

-when CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers the blood pH and decreases O2’s affinity for hemoglobin

79
Q

how does hemoglobin help in CO2 transportation?

A

-some CO2 from respiring cells will diffuse into the blood and be transported
-they will bind to the hemoglobin as is or be transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
-the partial pressures in the lungs will favour diffusion of CO2 out of blood

80
Q

what adaptions atre present in diving mammals such as seals?

A

-high blood to body volume ratio
-stockpile O2 + deplete it slowly
-store oxygen in their muscles in myoglobin proteins

81
Q

what are the 3 ways diving mammals can conserve oxygen?

A

-change their buoyancy to glide passively
-decrease blood supply to muscles
-derive ATP in muscles from fermentation once oxygen is depleted

BIOL1030 (11 decks)

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