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BIOL1030 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 eukarya supergroups?

A

-excavata
-SAR
-archaeplastida
-unikonta

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2
Q

what does SAR contain?

A

-stramenopile
-alveolate
-rhizaria

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3
Q

what are the two major clades apart of the unikonta?

A

-amoebozoans
-opisthokonts

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4
Q

what are some examples of species within the amoebozoans? what is a key feature of these species?

A

-slime moulds
-amoeba
-have lobular pseudopodia

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5
Q

what is lobular pseudiopodia?

A

-lobular protrusions (feet)

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6
Q

what are some examples of species within the opisthokonts?

A

-animals
-fungi
-closely related protist groups

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7
Q

what are examples of typical animal characteristics?

A

-multicellular
-no cell walls (plasma membrane)
-can move
-heterotrophic
-embryonic tissue

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

what junctions are present in animals? what is the purpose of these junctions?

A

-gap junctions (communication)
-tight junctions (hold/interconnection)

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9
Q

why is movement important in animals?

A

-need directional motion to seek for new habitats in case of stressful environments
-survival (predation)
-find food + water
-find mates (reproduction)

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10
Q

what does it mean to be heterothrophic?

A

-obtain energy from energy releasing foods/substances
-cannot produce their own food

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11
Q

what are the 3 embryonic tissues?

A

-endoderm
-mesoderm
-ectoderm

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12
Q

what are the basic concepts of the animal life cycle?

A

-have a diplontic life cycle
-form from gametes into a zygote
-have a juvenile and adult form

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13
Q

what does is mean to have a diplontic life cycle?

A

-to have a lifestyle that is dominated by the diploid stage

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14
Q

what are the male and female gametes? are they haploid or diploid?

A

-sperm (male)
-egg (female)
-diploid

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15
Q

what occurs between the juvenile and adult forms of an animal? what is an example of an animal that goes through this?

A

-a stage of change called metamorphosis
-tadpole + frog

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16
Q

what is multicellularity used to describe?

A

-an organism that is composed of many cells

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17
Q

what advantages does multicellularity have?

A

-adds complexity to forms and processes
-allows organisms to survive and thrive

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18
Q

where did multicellularity first develop? what clade is closely related?

A

-first developed in metazoa
-closely related to animalia

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19
Q

what did the cells of multicellular organism resemble?

A

-the single celled choanoflagellates

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20
Q

what does the ectoderm form?

A

-epidermis

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21
Q

what does the endoderm form?

A

-interior organs and muscle systems
-inner cells help form gastrula (gastrovascular cavity)

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22
Q

what is the best outgroup for the animal clade?

A

-porifera (shared common ancestor)

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23
Q

what are 3 key features of choanoflagellates?

A

-have a flagella
-have a collar of microtubules
-live in colonies

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24
Q

what is the evidence that supports the evolution of multicellularity from choanoflagellates?

A

-similar cell morphology (shape, structure, form, size)
-unique animal cell morphology (no cell wall + no plastids)
-DNA sequence homology

25
Q

what are plastids?

A

-small organelles containing pigment or food (chloroplasts)

26
Q

what are the key aspects of the porifera phylum?

A

-known as the sponges
-2 main cell layers + a middle region
-have random growth (asymmetrical)

26
Q

what are the two cell layers found in porifera?

A

-epidermis
-choanoderm

27
Q

what is the purpose of the choanoderm layer in porifera?

A

-draws in food particles to be passed through amoebocytes

28
Q

what is found in the middle region of porifera?

A

-porocytes
-mesohyl

29
Q

what is the function of porocytes?

A

-control the water entering the spongocoel (large central cavity)

30
Q

what is contained within mesohyl/

A

-amoebocytes
-hardened spicules

31
Q

what is a special characteristic of sponges?

A

-have totipotent cells
-a single sponge cell can create a new sponge

32
Q

what are totipotent cells?

A

-cells that can differentiate into different cell types
-ability to self organize
-reassembling is spontaneous

33
Q

what much be provided in order for reorganization to occur within totipotent cells?

A

-lots of activity

34
Q

what do sponges lack?

A

-radial symmetry
-true tissues

35
Q

what does it mean to not have true tissues?

A

-no organs
-no muscles
-no nervous system

36
Q

what are the key aspects of the cnidaria phylum?

A

-diploblastic
-have radial symmetry
-can have 2 body shapes

37
Q

what does it mean for an organism to be diploblastic?

A

-they have 2 embryonic germ layers (2 tissue systems)
-only have an endoderm and ectoderm

38
Q

what is the purpose of the ectoderm in development?

A

-covers the surface of the embryo

39
Q

what is the purpose of the endoderm in development?

A

-lines the pouch formed during gastrulation
-lining of the digestive tract, liver, and lungs

40
Q

what are the 2 cellular layers and the 1 non-cellular layer of the cnidaria phylum?

A

-epidermis + gastrodermis = cellular
-mesoglea (jelly) = non-cellular

41
Q

what are the 2 body shapes that can be taken on in the cnidaria phylum?

A

-polyp form
-medusa form

42
Q

what species take on the polyp body form? what are the basic aspects?

A

-anemones + hydras (crawling animals)
-cylindrical
-mouth/anus faces up
-aboral side is for movement

43
Q

what species take on the medusa body form? what are the basic aspects?

A

-free swimming jellys (free moving animals)
-bell shape
-mouth/anus faces down
-tentacles point down

44
Q

what is radial symmetry? what are its key aspects?

A

-several planes of symmetry around 1 central body axis
-no right or left side
-have a top + bottom

45
Q

what is the top side of an radial species referred to as?

A

-oral side (mouth and anus)

46
Q

what is the bottom side of a radial species referred to as?

A

-aboral side (furthest from mouth)

47
Q

where did radial symmetry first evolve?

A

-cnidaria phylum

48
Q

what are tissues?

A

-groups of specialized cells that perform a specific function
-can be isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

49
Q

how many groups, systems, and membrane layers of tissues do parazoa have?

A

-1 group
-1 system
-no membranes

50
Q

how many groups, systems, and membrane layers of tissues do eumetazoa have?

A

-1 group
-2 systems
-membranes

51
Q

what two major events formed eumetazoan tissues?

A

-cleavage
-gastrulation

52
Q

what is cleavage?

A

-numerous mitotic divisions

53
Q

what does gastrulation form?

A

-primitive gut (primary digestive tube)
-blastopore (mouth)

54
Q

what 2 embryonic germ tissues do eumetazoans have?

A

-ectoderm (outer layer)
-endoderm (inner layer)

55
Q

what does it mean for an organism to be triploblastic?

A

-have 3 germ layers (3 tissue systems)
-ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

56
Q

what is the purpose of the mesoderm?

A

-fills the space between the ectoderm + endoderm
-forms muscles + most inner organs

57
Q

what are examples of organisms who are triploblastic?

A

-flatworms
-arthropods
-vertebrates

58
Q

what are grades of organization?

A

-organisms that only share key biological features
-no relationship between organisms
-a result of convergent evolution

59
Q

what is the reason for grades of organization? how do they arise?

A

-develop to overcome obstacles
-when 2 unrelated groups have found a similar solution to their own unique problems

60
Q

what are examples of grades of organization?

A

-coelom
-segmentation
-wings

BIOL1030 (11 decks)

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