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BIOL1030 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is bilateral symmetry?

A

-2 sided symmetry (right + left sides) (2 planes)

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2
Q

is bilateral symmetry an ancestral or derived characteristic?

A

-derived characteristic

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3
Q

how do you refer to top and bottom sides?

A

-dorsal (top)
-ventral (bottom)

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4
Q

how do you refer to front and back sides?

A

-anterior (front)
-posterior (back)

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5
Q

what is cephalization?

A

-development of a head region where sensory cells begin to concentrate at the anterior end

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6
Q

how are sensory cells distributed in radial symmetrical animals? are they cephalized? how do these animals move?

A

-networks of individual neurons
-scattered + evenly distributed
-not cephalized
-immobile/weakly swim (drifting)

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7
Q

how are sensory cells distributed in bilateral symmetrical animals? are they cephalized? how do these animals move?

A

-clustering of neurons (ganglia)
-concentrated in specific areas (head/anterior)
-considered cephalized
-active movement due to concentration

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8
Q

what does cephalization build?

A

-the central nervous system

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9
Q

what is the purpose/advantages of the central nervous system?

A

-complex integration (info processing)
-complex behaviour

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10
Q

what is segmentation?

A

-the division of an organism’s body plan into identical repeating body units

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11
Q

what type of symmetry is segmentation typically found?

A

-bilateral

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12
Q

is segmentation an ancestral or derived character?

A

-derived character

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13
Q

what type of evolution does segmentation come from?

A

-convergent evolution

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14
Q

in which of the 10 main phyla is segmentation present?

A

-chordata
-annelida
-arthropoda

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15
Q

what type of gut evolution is an ancestral character?

A

-gastrovascular cavity in the Cnidarians

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16
Q

what type of gut evolution is a derived character?

A

-complete gut (mouth + anus)

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17
Q

what does gut evolution depend on? how many possibilites are there?

A

-the fate of the blastopore
-2 possibilities

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18
Q

what are the 2 possibilities of gut evolution?

A

-mouth forms first, anus forms later
-anus forms first, mouth forms later

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19
Q

what is an organism whose mouth forms first called? what is an example?

A

-protostome (protostomia clade)
-ex: snail

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20
Q

what is an organism whose mouth forms later called? what is an example?

A

-deuterostome (deuterostomia clade)
-ex: echinoderms + chordates

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21
Q

what are the key features of the echinoderm phylum?

A

-water vascular system
-tube feet
-ampulla

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22
Q

what makes up the water vascular system? what is it used for?

A

-hydraulic canals
-locomotion

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23
Q

what is the purpose of tube feet?

A

-locomotion
-sensing

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24
Q

what are ampulla?

A

-small bulbs on the end of tube feet

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25
Q

how does the ampulla enable movement?

A

-water pressure

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26
Q

what are the 2 forms of echinoderms?

A

-larvae and adult forms

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27
Q

what type of symmetry is present in larval echinoderms?

A

-bilateral

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28
Q

what type of symmetry is present in adult echinoderms?

A

-radial symmetry in multiples of 5

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29
Q

what are examples of adult echinoderms that have pentaradial symmetry (5 planes)

A

-sea stars
-sea urchins

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30
Q

what symmetry clade would we place echinoderms under?

A

-bilateria (despite radial symmetry in adult forms)

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31
Q

what are examples of organisms in the echinoderm phylum?

A

-sea stars
-sea urchins
-sand dollars
-sea cucumbers

32
Q

what are the key features of the chordata phylum?

A

-bilaterians
-deuterostomes
-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve cord
-pharyngeal gill arches/slits
-post-anal tail
-contains 3 major clades

33
Q

what is the notochord’s purpose?

A

-provide strength + support
-adds flexibility (made of cartilage)

34
Q

what does the dorsal hollow nerve cord develop into?

A

-the central nervous system

35
Q

what do the pharyngeal gill arches/slits allow for? what can they develop into?

A

-water movement
-lungs

36
Q

what is filtered out by the pharyngeal gill arches/slits? what does this make them?

A

-food particles
-suspension feeding device

37
Q

what is contained within the post-anal tail?

A

-skeletal elements
-muscles

38
Q

what feature of the chordates is typically reduced during embryonic development?

A

-post-anal tail

39
Q

what are the 3 major clades found within the chordates?

A

-cephalochordata (lancelets)
-urochordata (tunicates)
-vertebrata

40
Q

what are the key aspects of the cephalochordata clade?

A

-also called ‘lancelets’
-maintain chordate characteristics through entire lifespan
-most basal group for the living chordates
-outgroup for all chordates

41
Q

what are the key aspects of the urochordata clade?

A

-also called ‘tunicates’
-loses chordate characteristics after larvae stage
-undergoes metamorphosis
-cilia captures food particles
-water exits through the ex-current siphon

42
Q

what features are lost in the urochordata?

A

-dorsal hollow nerve cord
-notochord
-post-anal tail

43
Q

why is the dorsal hollow nerve cord lost?

A

-reduced to ganglion

44
Q

why is the post-anal tail lost?

A

-does not need to swim after larvae stage

45
Q

what are the key aspects of the vertebrata clade?

A

-animals with vertebrae and a skull
-skeletal + nervous systems present

46
Q

what are the derived characters within the vertebrata clade?

A

-vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
-elaborate skull
-fin rays in aquatic forms

47
Q

what are the basal vertebrates?

A

-jawless fish
-hagfish + lampreys

48
Q

what are the key aspects of hagfish?

A

-bottom dwelling (floor) scavengers
-skull is made of cartilage
-notochord is kept within the adult stage
-produce slime for speed (defense mechanism)

49
Q

what are the key aspects of lampreys?

A

-most are parasitic
-skeleton is made of cartilage
-clamp their mouth onto live fish

50
Q

what are jaws suspected to have evolved from?

A

-skeletal support rods of the pharyngeal slits
-the rods fuse together
-these modified rods are stronger + provide a larger opening

51
Q

what is the importance of having a larger mouth opening?

A

-can catch larger prey

52
Q

where did the evolution of jaws present itself?

A

-in the gnathostoma clade
-ex: sharks, ray finned fishes, lobe finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

53
Q

where did the evolution of lungs and bone begin?

A

-the osteichyan clade

54
Q

how did ray-finned fishes develop? what are some examples?

A

-bony fins
-flexible rays modified for maneuvering + defense
-ex: trout, salmon, cod, and seahorses

55
Q

what do lobe-finned fishes have? what are some examples?

A

-muscle on their fins
-ex: lungfishes and tetrapods

56
Q

where did limbs likely develop from?

A

-tetrapod organisms in the gnathostoma clade
-amphibians

57
Q

how did limbs likely develop? what are features of these organism?

A

-fins replaced with limbs
-head is separated with a neck
-pelvis bones are fused to the backbone

58
Q

what are tetrapods?

A

-gnathostoma organisms with 4 limbs

59
Q

do adult tetrapods have gills?

A

-NO

60
Q

what are examples of amphibians that have limbs?

A

-salamanders
-frogs

61
Q

what are key aspects of salamanders?

A

-either fully aquatic or can live on land
-external fertilization
-often retain juvenile characteristics as adults

62
Q

what are key aspects of frogs?

A

-mostly on land (have an aquatic larval stage with gills)
-variety of adaptations (to avoid predation)

63
Q

where did the amnion develop?

A

-the amniota clade
-ex: reptiles, birds, and some mammals

64
Q

is the amnion (amniotic egg) a derived or ancestral character?

A

-derived character

65
Q

what are the parts of the amniotic egg?

A

-4 extra embryonic membranes
-amnion
-chorion
-yolk sac
-allantois

66
Q

what is the purpose of the amnion?

A

-shock absorber

67
Q

what is the purpose of the chorion?

A

-gas exchange

68
Q

what is the purpose of the yolk sac?

A

-provide nutrients

69
Q

what is the purpose of the allantois?

A

-waste storage

70
Q

what are the advantages of having the 4 extra embryonic membranes?

A

-eggs can be laid on land
-does not require water

71
Q

where did the evolution of milk production and hair develop?

A

-mammalia
-3 clades within

72
Q

what is the purpose of producing milk?

A

-used by mothers to nourish babies

73
Q

what is the purpose of having hair?

A

-hair helps to retain heat

74
Q

what are the 3 clades within the mammalia?

A

-monotremata
-marsupials
-eutherials

75
Q

what is an example of an organism within the monotremata clade? what do they do?

A

-ex: platypus
-lay eggs

76
Q

what is an example of an organism within the marsupial clade? what is a key feature of them?

A

-ex: kangaroo
-babies are underdeveloped
-short gestation (time in womb)

77
Q

what is an example of an organism within the eutherials clade? what is a key feature of them?

A

-ex: elephants or humans
-better development
-longer gestation (time in womb)

BIOL1030 (11 decks)

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