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BIOL1030 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what do endocrine glands respond to?

A

-diverse stimuli
-stimuli regulating homeostasis, development, and behaviour

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2
Q

what commonly occurs within endocrine systems?

A

-feedback regulation
-coordination with the nervous system

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3
Q

what do hormones and signalling molecules bind to? what does this trigger?

A

-bind to target receptors on target cells
-triggers specific response pathways

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4
Q

where are an animals hormones secreted? where will they go?

A

-into the circulatory system (blood)
-can go to all parts of the body, but will only go to the target cell that has the hormone receptor

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5
Q

what type of signals are hormones?

A

-chemical signals

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6
Q

what will hormones communicate?

A

-regulatory messages within the body

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7
Q

what two systems coordinate communication throughout the body?

A

-endocrine system
-nervous system

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8
Q

what is the role of the endocrine system?

A

-to secrete hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses
-present in everyone

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9
Q

what areas/systems does the endocrine system cover?

A

-reproduction
-development
-energy metabolism
-growth
-behaviour

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10
Q

what is the role of the nervous system?

A

-convey high-speed electrical signals along neurons through specific pathways
-unique to the individual
-signals regulate other cells (neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells)

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11
Q

how do animals use chemical signals?

A

-to communicate in diverse ways
-endocrine signalling is one of several ways animals cells transmit information between cells

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12
Q

how are the ways signals are transmitted between animal cells classified?

A

-type of secreting cell
-route taken to reach its target cell

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13
Q

what are the 3 types of signalling?

A

-endocrine signalling
-paracrine signalling
-autocrine signalling

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14
Q

what is endocrine signalling? what does it maintain, mediate, and regulate?

A

-when hormones are secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells
-get to their targets via the bloodstream
-maintains homeostasis, mediates stimuli response, and regulates growth + development

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15
Q

what is paracrine signalling?

A

-target cells are near the secreting cells
-different types of cells
-target cell is typically a muscle cell

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16
Q

what is autocrine signalling?

A

-when the target cell is also the secreting cell
-neuron is typically the cell involved

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17
Q

what are synapses?

A

-specialized junctions with the target cells
-neuron + target cell typically

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18
Q

what occurs in synaptic signalling? what is it typically involving?

A

-neurons will secrete neurotransmitters to diffuse a short distance and bind to the target cell receptors
-neuron directly to cell
-involving cognition, movement, memory, and sensation

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19
Q

what occurs in neuroendocrine signalling?

A

-specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones
-travel to target cells via the bloodstream
-‘neuron’ to bloodstream

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20
Q

what is an example of a common neurohormone?

A

-antidiuretic hormone

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21
Q

what are pheremones?

A

-chemicals released into the environment
-a way of animal species communication

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22
Q

what are the main functions of pheromones?

A

-marking trails leading to food
-defining territories
-warning of predators
-attracting potential mates

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23
Q

what are the 3 major classes of hormones in vertebrates?

A

-polypeptides (proteins + peptides)
-amines (derived from amino acids)
-steroid hormones

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24
Q

what is an important property for the function of the classes of hormones?

A

-their solubility properties
-water soluble vs lipid soluble
-correlates with the location of receptors (inside or on the surface of target cells)

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25
Q

what are lipid soluble hormones?

A

-steroid hormones
-pass easily through cell membranes

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26
Q

what are water soluble hormones?

A

-polypeptides + amines
-do not pass easily through cell membranes

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27
Q

what are local regulators?

A

-molecules that act over short distances
-reach target cells by diffusion

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28
Q

how are gases able to act as local signallers?

A

-small size + lack of charge allows them to diffuse freely
-cannot travel far b/c they are highly reactive

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29
Q

what is an example of gaseous local regulator?

A

-nitric oxide (NO)
-functions as a local regulator + neurotransmitter
-help with blood flow

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30
Q

what are the most familiar hormones?

A

-proteins encoded by genes
-insulin and growth factors

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31
Q

what are the key aspects of insulin?

A

-produced as long inactive cleaved prohormone polypeptide
-stored in beta cells

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32
Q

how is insulin secreted and what is it needed for?

A

-secreted via vesicular trafficking
-needed to reduce blood glucose levels

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33
Q

what do growth factors regulate?

A

-the cell cycle

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34
Q

what are amide hormones? what are examples?

A

-signalling factors produced from amino acids
-GABA (neuronal signalling factor) (made from glutamate)
-epinephrine (made from tyrosine)
-thyroxine (thyroid hormone) (made from tryptophan)

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35
Q

what is the pathway of a water soluble hormone?

A

-secreted by exocytosis
-travel freely in the bloodstream
-bind to cell-surface receptors

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36
Q

what is the pathway of a lipid soluble hormone?

A

-travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins
-diffuse through the cell membrane of target cells
-bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

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37
Q

what is the pathway of the water soluble hormone epinephrine?

A

-released by the adrenal gland
-binds to membrane surface receptors on liver cells
-release of messenger molecules to activate enzymes is triggered
-one cell response is the activation of an enzyme to break down glycogen
-results in the release of glucose to the bloodstream

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37
Q

what happens when a hormone binds to its receptor?

A

-signal transduction pathway is initiated
-responses in the cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or a gene expression change occurs as a result

37
Q

what is the typical response for a lipid soluble hormone? what is its pathway?

A

-response is usually a change in gene expression
-binds to its cytosolic receptor
-hormone-receptor complex moves into the nucleus
-once in the nucleus the receptor part acts a transcription factor
-regulates the transcription of specific target genes

38
Q

what causes the same hormone to have different effects on target cells?

A

-different receptors for the hormone
-different signal transduction pathways

39
Q

what is an example of a hormone that demonstrates different effects?

A

-epinephrine
-increases blood flow to major skeletal muscles
-decreases blood flow to the digestive tract (part of sympathetic nervous system)

40
Q

what does the thyroid hormone regulate in vertebrates? what is its role in frogs?

A

-regulates metabolism
-controls metamorphosis of the larva frog into the adult frog

41
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

-groups of endocrine cells
-ductless
-secrete hormones directly into the surrounding fluid
-ex: thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, testes, ovaries

42
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

-glands that have ducts to carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities
-ex: salivary glands

43
Q

what are hormones assembled into?

A

-regulatory pathways

44
Q

what is an example of a simple hormone pathway?

A

-acidic stomach contents being released into the duodenum
-stimulates endocrine cells to secrete secretin
-causes target cells in the pancreas to raise the pH in the duodenum

45
Q

what occurs in a simple neuroendocrine pathway?

A

-stimulus is received by a sensory neuron
-stimulates a neurosecretory cell to secrete a neurohormone
-neurohormone enters the bloodstream and travels to target cells

46
Q

what is an example of a simple neuroendocrine pathway?

A

-suckling by an infant sends a stimulus that reaches the hypothalamus
-nerve impulses from the hypothalamus trigger the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
-causes mammary glands to secrete more milk
-positive feedback system

47
Q

what role do endocrine cells play in terms of integrating systems?

A

-they integrate function of the endocrine system with the function of the nervous system

48
Q

what combination of hormones and their functions control the molting and development in insects?

A

-prothoracicotropic hormone (produced in the brain, stimulates release of ecdysteroid from prothoracic gland)
-juvenile hormone (retains larval characteristics)
-ecdysone (promotes moulting when juvenile hormone is present, promotes development of adult characteristics when juvenile hormone is absent)

49
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

-central role in integrating both the endocrine and nervous system
-receives info and initiates responses through endocrine signalling

50
Q

what is attached to the hypothalamus?

A

-pituitary gland
-made up of the anterior and posterior pituitary portions

51
Q

what is the role of the posterior pituitary?

A

-stores and secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus
-hypothalamic axons reach into the PPG will secrete neurohormones synthesized from the hypothalamus

52
Q

what is the role of the anterior pituitary?

A

-makes and releases hormones under the regulation of the hypothalamus

53
Q

what two hormones released from the posterior pituitary will act directly on non endocrine tissues?

A

-oxytocin (regulates milk secretion by mammary glands)
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (regulates physiology and behaviour)

54
Q

how is hormone production controlled in the anterior pituitary?

A

-by the releasing + inhibiting hormones secreted from the hypothalamus

55
Q

how do anterior pituitary hormones act?

A

-as tropic hormones
-regulate the function of other endocrine cells or glands

56
Q

what anterior pituitary hormone has a role in milk production? how is it released

A

-prolactin
-prolactin-releaseing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of prolactin

57
Q

what happens when thyroid hormone levels drop in the blood?

A

-hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone
-anterior pituitary secretes thyroid stimulating hormone
-TSH stimulates the release of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland
-negative feedback

58
Q

what hormone regulates many functions in humans and other mammals?

A

-thyroid hormone

59
Q

what is hypothyroidism?

A

-too little thyroid function
-lead to symptoms like weight gain, fatigue, cold intolerance

60
Q

what is hyperthyroidism?

A

-excessive production of thyroid hormone
-lead to symptoms like high temperature, sweating, weight loss, irritability, high blood pressure

61
Q

how does malnutrition affect thyroid function?

A

-deficiencies (ex: iodine deficiency) can create a result of hypothyroidism
-disrupts the negative feedback loop

62
Q

what is growth hormone and what are its effects?

A

-hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
-has tropic, nontropic, and diverse metabolic effects
-promotes growth directly
-stimulates growth factor production

63
Q

what is caused by a lack of growth hormone? what about an excess?

A

-lack = dwarfism
-excess=gigantism

64
Q

what ion concentration is critical in the circulatory system?

A

-calcium

65
Q

what are the 2 hormones that will regulate the homeostasis of blood calcium?

A

-parathyroid hormone (released by parathyroid glands)
-calcitonin (released by thyroid gland)

66
Q

how does parathyroid hormone regulate blood calcium?

A

-increases blood calcium levels
-releases calcium from bone and stimulates reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
-indirectly stimulates kidney to activate vitamin D

67
Q

how does vitamin D help to increase blood calcium?

A

-promotes intestinal uptake of calcium from food

68
Q

how does calcitonin regulate blood calcium?

A

-decreases the level of blood calcium
-stimulates calcium deposition in bone and the secretion of calcium in the kidneys

69
Q

what are the glands located within the adrenal glands?

A

-adrenal medulla (inner)
-adrenal cortex (outer)

70
Q

what hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla? why are they secreted?

A

-epinephrine (adrenaline)
-norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
-in response to involuntary stress-activated impulses from the nervous system (mediate fight or flight)

71
Q

what class of compounds are the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine apart of?

A

-catecholamines

72
Q

what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do within the body?

A

-trigger the release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood
-increase oxygen delivery to body cells
-direct blood toward the heart, brain and skeletal system
-direct blood away from the skin, digestive system, and kidneys

73
Q

what type of stress response is created by the adrenal medulla?

A

-short term

74
Q

what type of stress response is created by the adrenal cortex?

A

-long term

75
Q

what family of hormones is released by the adrenal cortex? how are they triggered?

A

-corticosteroids
-by a hormone cascade pathway via the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

76
Q

what 2 types of corticosteroids are produced by humans?

A

-glucocorticoids
-mineralocorticoids

76
Q

what do glucocorticoids influence? what is an example?

A

-influence glucose metabolism and the immune system
-ex: cortisol

77
Q

what do mineralocorticoids affect? what is an example?

A

-affect salt and water balance
-ex: aldosterone

78
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce in small amounts?

A

-steroid hormones that function as sex hormones

79
Q

what organs/glands produce most of the sex hormones?

A

-gonads (testes + ovaries)

80
Q

what are the 3 sex hormones found in both males and females?

A

-androgens
-estrogens
-progestins
-found in significantly different proportions for males and females

81
Q

what do sex hormones affect?

A

-growth
-development (formation of reproductive structures)
-reproductive cycles
-sexual behaviour

82
Q

which gland/organ primarily synthesizes androgens? what is an example of one?

A

-testes
-mainly testosterone

83
Q

what are testosterones purposes?

A

-stimulate development and maintenance of the male reproductive system
-increase muscle + bone mass

84
Q

what can testosterone be taken as a supplement for?

A

-muscle growth

85
Q

what are estrogens purposes? what is the main kind?

A

-main kind = estradiol
-maintenance of the female reproductive system
-development of female secondary sex characteristics

86
Q

what are progestins purposes? what is main kind?

A

-main kind = progesterone
-preparing + maintaining the uterus for embryo growth and development

87
Q

what controls the synthesis of sex hormones?

A

-hormones of the anterior pituitary

88
Q

what secretes melatonin? what controls the release of it?

A

-pineal gland, located in the brain
-light + dark cycles control the release and a group of neurons in the hypothalamus

89
Q

what is the name of the group of neurons that control the release of melatonin?

A

-the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

90
Q

what do the primary functions of melatonin relate to?

A

-biological rhythms associated with reproduction
-daily activity levels

BIOL1030 (11 decks)

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