Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

in what type of animals do body cavities exist?

A

-triploblastic animals

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2
Q

what are the 3 grades of body cavities?

A

-(eu)coelomates
-pseudocoelomates
-acoelomates

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3
Q

what is a (eu)coelomates body cavity?

A

-full cavity completely lined with mesoderm
-closed circulatory system

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4
Q

what phylums have a (eu)coelomate body cavity?

A

-annelids
-chordates
-echinoderms
-molluscs
-arthropods

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5
Q

what is a pseudocoelomate body cavity?

A

-false cavity only partially lined by tissue derived from the mesoderm

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6
Q

what phylum has a pseudocoelomate body cavity?

A

-nematodes

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7
Q

what is a acoelomate body cavity?

A

-no body cavity (not completely formed)
-no space between tissue layers

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8
Q

what phylum has a acoelomate body cavity?

A

-platyhelminthes

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9
Q

what does the lophotrochozoa clade feature?

A

-animals with a wide range of body forms
-contains bilaterian animals
-have a lophophore
-have a trochophore larva form

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10
Q

what is a lophophore?

A

-feeding structure in aquatic organisms

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11
Q

what is a trophophore larva form?

A

-common larval form
-simple
-3 tissue systems
-complete gut (coelomate)

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12
Q

what bilaterian animals are found within the lophotrochozoa clade?

A

-coelomates (full cavity with a digestive tract and 2 openings)
-ex: annelids, molluscs, brachiopods, rotifers, and flatworms

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13
Q

what are the 4 common structures within the mollusca phylum?

A

-muscular foot
-mantle
-radula
-visceral mass

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the muscular foot?

A

-helps with movement, digging, and capturing prey

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15
Q

what is the mantle and what is its purpose?

A

-water filled chamber containing gills (or lungs), anus, and excretory pores
-produces the shell

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the radula?

A

-functions as a tongue to capture food

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the visceral mass? why is it pushed in?

A

-houses internal organs
-pushed in b/c of the large foot

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18
Q

what are the 4 major classes of molluscs?

A

-gastropods
-bivalvia
-polyplacophora
-cephalopoda

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19
Q

what are the key features of the gastropod class? what are examples?

A

-1 piece shell
-use radula to feed off plants + algae
-ex: snails + slugs

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20
Q

what are the key features of the bivalvia class? what are examples?

A

-2 piece shell
-no distinct head
-suspension feeders
-sedentary lives
-ex: clams, oysters, and other bivalves

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21
Q

what are the key features of the polyplacophora class? what are examples?

A

-many piece shell
-scrape algae from rocks
-ex: chitons

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22
Q

what are key features of the cephalopoda class? what are examples?

A

-intelligent animals
-can camouflage
-use tentacles to grasp prey
-ex: squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish

23
Q

what are the key aspects of the annelida phylum?

A

-segmented worms
-live in water or damp soil
-have compartmentalized organs
-have a true body cavity + complete gut
-have a trochophore larva stage (undergo metamorphosis)

24
Q

what are the 2 clades within the annelida phylum?

A

-errantia
-sedentaria

25
Q

what are the key aspects of the errantia clade?

A

-active
-mostly marine
-predators or grazers (plant feeders)
-2 appendages

26
Q

what are the 2 appendages found within the errantia clade?

A

-parapodia
-palps

27
Q

what are parapodia used for? how many are present in each organism?

A

-locomotion (quickness)
-one pair per segment

28
Q

what are palps used for? what do they resemble?

A

-sensation
-look like antennae whiskers

29
Q

what are the key aspects of the sedentaria clade? what are examples?

A

-less active (sedentary)
-live in marine sediment or soil
-can live in tubes
-ex: leeches, earthworms, tubeworms

30
Q

why do worms within the sedentaria clade have slower movement?

A

-no extensions on their segments

31
Q

if worms live in tubes what will they have?

A

-elaborate gills

32
Q

what may leeches be predators of?

A

-other invertebrates

33
Q

how do earthworms get their nutrients?

A

-extracted from the soil

34
Q

what are key aspects of the brachiopoda phylum?

A

-attached to the seafloor
-have a lophophore
-no trochophore larval stage
-typically lamp shells

35
Q

what does it mean for brachiopods to be considered ‘lamp shells’?

A

-2 muscles (1 for opening, 1 for closing)
-dorsal half and a ventral half
-also have bilateral symmetry

36
Q

what are the 2 main clades within the brachipods?

A

-inarticulata
-articulata

37
Q

what are the key aspects of the inarticulata clade? what is an example of an organism?

A

-small or no hinge (not as lamp shell like)
-complete gut (mouth, intestinal tract, and anus)
-ex: lingula

38
Q

what are the key aspects of the articulata clade?

A

-large hinge (strong/robust)
-incomplete gut (no exit for waste, enters + exits through mouth)
-intestine protrudes out the back of the shell

39
Q

what are the key aspects of the platyhelminthes phylum?

A

-flatworms
-rudimentary cephalization (undeveloped)
-live in marine/freshwater or terrestrial habitats
-gas exchange through the skin
-can be free living or parasitic

40
Q

where is there evolutionary loss in platyhelminthes?

A

-incomplete gut (acoelomate)
-only a gastrovascular cavity

41
Q

what does a platyhelminthes flat body help them with? what does it limit?

A

-disguising
-limits room for compartmentalization

42
Q

what does it mean to be parasitic?

A

-another organism is needed to carry out its lifestyle

43
Q

what is the clade within the platyhelminthes?

A

-neodermata

44
Q

what are the 2 classes within the neodermata clade?

A

-parasitic trematodes (flukes)
-cestodes

45
Q

what are the key features of the parasitic trematodes? what is an example?

A

-parasitic
-ex: schistosoma parasitic worm (swimmers itch)

46
Q

what are the key features of the cestodes?

A

-have loss of a gastrovascular cavity over evolution
-can reach 20m in length
-ex: tapeworms (live inside an organism’s intestines)

47
Q

what is an exoskeleton? what is its purpose?

A

-tough cuticle or shell
-protects the organism from environmental conditions

48
Q

what is typically involved when an organism has a exoskelton?

A

-moulting/periodic shedding followed by rapid growth

49
Q

what is stepwise growth? when does it take place?

A

-when the exoskeleton sheds, organism grows rapidly, and a new exoskeleton forms (repeats)
-when the organism cannot grow continuously and is limited by the size of its exoskeleton

50
Q

when does the process of stepwise growth stop?

A

-once an organism has reached its full size

51
Q

where did stepwise growth/evolution of an exoskeleton begin?

A

-ecdysozoa clade
-nematoda + arthropods

52
Q

what are the key aspects of the nematoda phylum?

A

-most common animal on earth
-small or microscopic
-free living or parasitic lifestyles
-pseudocoelomate
-body is covered with a cuticle
-flexible bodies

53
Q

what type of hosts can a nemotode have?

A

-plant or animal hosts

54
Q

what is an example of a nematode?

A

-roundworms