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Botany > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the stamen the male of female reproductive parts

A

Male reproductive parts

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2
Q

Is Carpel the male or female reproductive parts

A

Female reproductive parts

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3
Q

Name the parts of the stamen

A

•Anther (Pollen,Sperm)
•Filament

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4
Q

Name the parts of the carpel

A

•Stigma
•Style
•Ovary

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5
Q

Write a short note on SEXUAL reproduction

A

•produces offspring by the fusion of egg and sperm
•resulting in offspring that are genetically different to the parents and each other

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6
Q

Write a short note on ASEXUAL reproduction

A

•produces offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm

•the offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant and to each other (aka clones)

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7
Q

What is CROSS pollination

A

pollen from one flower pollinates flowers on a different plant

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8
Q

What percentage of cross pollination is BIOTIC

A

80%

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9
Q

What percentage of cross pollination is ABIOTIC

A

20%

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10
Q

Example of BIOTIC pollinators

A

•birds, bats and mammals

•but most biotic pollination is by insects (c.65%)

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11
Q

Name the two modes of ABIOTIC pollination

A

•98% wind
•2% water

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12
Q

Example of cross pollinated species

A

•maize
•rye
•carrot
•cauliflower
•onion

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13
Q

What is SELF pollination

A

pollen from one flower pollinates the same flower or other flowers on the same plant

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14
Q

Example of self pollinated species

A

•wheat
•rice
•barley
•mung bean
•cowpea

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15
Q

What type of species is SELF pollination mostly seen in

A

short-lived annual species and plants that colonize new locations

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16
Q

Name the most important pollinators

A

Bees

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17
Q

What kind of characteristics are bees attracted to

A

•Bright colours
•Sweet fragrance

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18
Q

What do honey bees feed on for food

A

•Nectar
•Pollen

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19
Q

What kind of characteristics are moths attracted to

A

•Light coloured or dull flowers to be seen in low light
•sweetly fragrant flowers

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20
Q

What kind of characteristics are bats attracted to

A

•Flowers that are light coloured or dull to be seen in low light
•flowers that smell musty

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21
Q

What kind of characteristics are birds attracted to

A

•Flowers with bright red,orange,yellow flowers
•Flowers that have very little scent

22
Q

What is special about Soybeans(Glycine max)

A

•flowers open and remain receptive to insect cross pollination during the day.

•If this is not accomplished, the flowers self-pollinate as they are closing in the evening.

23
Q

What does sexual reproduction result in

A

Seeds

24
Q

Example of important crops grown from seed

A

• Grass, cereals (rice, wheat, maize, barley, oat, rye)
• Legumes (pea, bean, soybean, clover, mung bean, cowpea)
• Vegetables, fruits, flower seeds (for humans/animals) • Commercial crops e.g. sugarcane, oilseed

25
Q

If asexual reproduction doesn’t produce seeds how does reproduction occur

A

• Fragmentation (stolons, runners e.g. strawberry,kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum)
• Tubers (potatoes,crocus corm,lily,dahlia)
• Bulbs (onions, daffodils)
• Cuttings (stem, leaf, root)
• Grafting or budding (fruit trees, roses)

26
Q

What is Apomixis

A

Asexual reproduction that produces seeds without the fusion of egg and sperm i.e. it is clonal
reproduction through seeds

27
Q

What are the two ways Apomixis can occur

A

• embryo arises from an unfertilized egg cell
• embryo is formed directly from some part of egg cell

28
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

• Introduces variation
• Adaptability to new
environments
• Adverse conditions less likely to affect everyone
• Seed dispersal reduces competition
• Dormant seeds can survive unfavourable conditions in soil

29
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

• Needs two parents
• Fertilisation is random so
harmful variations can occur
• Flowers and seeds are energetically expensive
• Can lead to extinction e.g. Encephalartos woodii
(only males left but reproduces by basal offsets)

30
Q

Is sexual or asexual reproduction good in unstable environments

A

Sexual reproduction

31
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

• Only one parent needed
• Rapid colonisation of favourable
environments
• Any part of plant can become a new plant
• Reproduction is faster
• No genetic variation can be an advantage in commercial horticulture

32
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

• No genetic variation so adverse conditions, pests and diseases are likely to affect all individuals
• Cannot adapt
• May be prone to extinction
• No seeds so no dormancy mechanism
• Overcrowding and competition for resources

33
Q

Is sexual or asexual reproduction good in stable environments

A

Asexual reproduction

34
Q

Name the oldest creosote bush in the Mojave desert

A

King Clone
11,700 years old
Single colony of Larrea tridentata reaches up to 20 meters in diameter

35
Q

Is metabolic rate low or high during seed dormancy

A

Extremely low metabolic rate

36
Q

When does Germination occur seed dormancy

A

When seedling is likely to survive

37
Q

What happens to growth and development during seed dormancy

A

Both are suspended

38
Q

What is certified seed

A

Seed that is handled so as to satisfactorily maintain genetic identity and purity, and that has been approved and certified by the certifying agency

39
Q

What does certification involve

A

field inspection, pre- and post-control tests, and seed quality tests.

40
Q

What do football pitches use

A

Best quality certified seed

41
Q

Seed for golf greens must be certified free of what

A

Annual meadow grass

42
Q

Principles of seed storage

A

• Seed storage conditions should be dry and cool
• Effective storage pest control
• Proper sanitation in seed stores
• Before placing seeds into storage they should be dried to required moisture limits
• Store high quality seed only i.e. well-cleaned and treated, as well as of high germination and vigour

43
Q

What does Seed germination begin with

A

Imbibition

44
Q

Write a short note on the stages of seed germination after Imbibition

A

• Serotiny: fire required to release seeds from plant • Stratification: cold period to break dormancy
• Scarification: seed coat damage
• Acid digestion: seed coat breakdown
• Substantial rainfall: desert plants • Dark (most seeds)
• Light (lettuce, celery)

45
Q

How long are most seeds viable for after seed germination

A

1-2 yeaes

46
Q

Who proposed descent with modification

A

Darwin in 1859

47
Q

What is descent with modification

A

• Natural adjustment of genetic make-up through generations over time
• Based on adaptations that enhance survival and reproduction in specific environments
• Individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring
• Over time, these traits become more prevalent in the population

48
Q

What is Modern maize derived from

A

Teosinte

49
Q

Why would modern maize become extinct without human propagation

A

Modern maize cannot spread its seeds

50
Q

What is micropropagation also know

A

In vitro tissue culture

51
Q

What does genetic engineering involve

A

the creation of recombinant DNA, which is inserted into the genetic material of a cell or virus

Botany (21 decks)

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