Lecture 7 Flashcards
What are structural adaptions
The way some part of the plant is built
What are behavioural adaptions
The way some part of the plant acts
Example of spines
•Fouquieria splendens
(ocotillo)
•Pereskia grandifolia
(rose cactus)
Example of reduced leaves
Butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus) Reduced leaf and flower but not berry
Cacti
Example of Poisons/Toxins
•Atropa belladonna
(deadly nightshade) Tropane alkaloids
•Conium maculatum
(poison hemlock) Alkaloid - coniine
•Solanum tuberosum (potato) Glycoalkaloids
•Rheum rhaponticum
(rhubarb) Oxalic acid
•Nerine oleander Glycosides, Saponins
Example of succulent leaves
•Jade/money plant (Crassula ovata)
•Kalanchoe sp.
•Aloe Vera
Example of a leaf tendril
Blue passionflower (Passiflora caerulea)
Example of a leaf tendril with pads
Scarlet trumpet vine (Distictis buccinatoria)
Example of storage leaves - bulbs
•Onion (Allium cepa)
•Tulip (Tulipa sp.)
•Daffodil (Narcissus sp.)
Example of Carnivorous leaves
•Venus fly trap (Dionaea muscipula)
•Pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp.)
•Waterwheel plant(Aldrovanda vesiculosa)
Name the types of plant modifications in the leaf
Spine
Poison
Reduced leaf
Succulence
Leaf tendril
Storage leaf (bulb) Carnivory
Petal
Sepal (e.g. tulip)
Name the types of plant modifications in the stem
Thorns
Succulent stem
Corm
Rhizome
Stem tendril
Stem tuber
Stolon
Example of Stem Thorns and Prickles
Acacia spp. (thorn trees) have thorns
Roses have prickles
Example of Succulent stems
Moringa ovalifolia
Example of a swollen stem
Corm
Example of an underground stem
Rhizome
Example of Stolons/Runners - overground stem
•Spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum) •Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)
Example of twinning stem tendril
Cucurbit family (pumpkin, courgette (zucchini), squash)
Name the type of plant modifications in the root
•Storage root
•Root tuber
•Prop root
•Pneumatophore
•Aerial root
•Epiphyte
Example of Root tubers
•Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
•Cassava(Manihot esculenta)
•Dahlia sp.
Example of storage roots
•Carrot (Dacus carota)
•Beet(Beta vulgaris)
•Parsnip(Pastinaca sativa)
Example of support roots -adventitious
•Maize (Zea mays)
Stilt roots from lower part of stem
•Banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) Prop roots from aerial branches
Example of Pneumatophores
•Mangrove pneumatophores (respiratory roots)
•Swamp or bald cypress (Taxodium distichum)
•pneumatophores (respiratory roots)
Example of Aerial roots - Aerophytes /Epiphytes
•Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides)
•Epiphytes include moss, liverwort, lichen, alga, fern, cactus, orchid and bromeliads
What is pollination in plant modifications - reproduction
The convolution of plants and insects
What is the coevolution for pollination
•Flowers
•Insects
•Birds
Are flowers modified leaves or stems
Modified leaves
What is the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world
Amorphophallus titanum
Titan arum
Write a short note on the Amorphophallus titanum
Titan arum
Has developed the odour of rotting animals to attract pollinators which are beetles and flesh flies
Example of flowers
Bee orchid
Ophrys apifera
Mimicry
Example of a Glider seed - wind
Asian climbing gourd (Alsomitra macrocarpa)
Example of Spinner seed - wind
•Diptocarpus alatus
•D. obtusifolius
•Gluta usitata
Example of a parachute seed - wind
Dandelion (Taraxacum sp.)
Name the large tumbleweed in California
Salsola tragus
Write a short note on tumbleweeds
Tumbleweeds are pushed along by the wind, scattering thousands of seeds as they roll across open land.
Example of Hooks seed -Animal dispersal
Burdock (Arctium sp.)
In Burdock they are known as burrs
