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Botany > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is agronomy

A

the application of science and technology from the fields of biology, chemistry, economics, ecology, soil science, water science, pest management and genetics to the improvement and management of the major food crops of the world.

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2
Q

Major Agronomic cereal crops

A

wheat, barley, oats, rye; rice, corn, millet

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3
Q

Major Agronomic break crops

A

pulses (field beans/peas), oilseed rape

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4
Q

Major Agronomic horticultural crops

A

potatoes, field vegetables

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5
Q

Major Agronomic protected crops

A

salads, tomatoes, peppers, berries

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6
Q

Major Agronomic forage crops

A

maize, legumes (clover, beans), root crops (turnip, swede, beets)

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7
Q

Name the external (environmental) facts that affect plant growth and development

A

• Light (quantity and quality)
• CO2
• O2
• Temperature
• Water
• Minerals (macro and micro)
• pH

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8
Q

Name the internal factors that affect plant growth and development

A

• Photosynthesis
• Photoperiod
• Transpiration
• Respiration

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9
Q

Who is responsible for the law of the minimum

A

Justice von Liebig

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10
Q

Name the limiting factors for plant growth and development

A

• Light (quantity and quality)
• CO2
• O2
• Temperature
• Water
• Minerals (macro and micro)

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11
Q

What is absence of light known as

A

Etiolation

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12
Q

Low intensity light (mostly red wavelengths)

A

Causes long spindly growth

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13
Q

High intensity light (mostly UV wavelengths)

A

Causes plant dwarfing

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14
Q

What is photosynthetically active radiation in nm

A

400-700nm

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15
Q

What does PAR stand for

A

photosynthetically active radiation

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16
Q

What does photoperiod regulate

A

Time of flowering
Cessation of vegetative growth
Seed germination
Elongation of seedlings
Fruiting in some species

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17
Q

How is photoperiodism regulated

A

By phytochromes (photoreceptor pigments) that detect red and far red light

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18
Q

When does chrysanthemums form flower buds

A

When day length is <14.5 hours

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19
Q

When does further development into open flower occur in chrysanthemums

A

When day length is <13 hours

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20
Q

All plants that respond to daylength contain what pigment

A

Phytochrome C

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21
Q

Loss of Phytochrome C resulted in how many day delay in wheat flowering under long days

A

108 days

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22
Q

Functions of stomata

A

Photosynthesis
CO2 uptake
Evaporative cooling
Resistance to phytotoxic gases

23
Q

Contribution of CO2-induced reduction in stomatal transpiration to global run-off since when

A

1960

24
Q

Increase CO2 means what for terrestrial

A

Increased runoff ,erosion and nutrient leaching

25
Q

Increased CO2 means what for aquatic area

A

Increased eutrophication , anoxia and toxicity

26
Q

Why can concentration of CO2 temporarily fall outdoors

A

if planting is too dense, so photosynthesis stops

27
Q

CO2 falls dramatically under cover especially when plants are actively growing how can this be rectified

A

By ventilating, or in cold weather, leave glasshouse closed and pump in up to 3 times the normal atmospheric concentration of CO2

28
Q

What is oxygen required for

A

aerobic respiration
cell repair
reproduction
growth

29
Q

What effect does decreasing O2 have

A

decreases respiration

30
Q

<15% [O2] means what for reproduction

A

It is reduced

31
Q

<2.5% [O2] means what for reproduction

A

It fails

32
Q

0% [O2] causes what to take place

A

Anaerobic respiration

33
Q

Anaerobic conditions in flooded soil can lead to what in plant roots

A

Ethanol toxicity (alcohol poisoning)

34
Q

What is temperature important for in plants

A

cell structure and function and in regulating rate of transport within the plant

35
Q

Plant enzymes operative best at what temperature

A

at ~25 degrees Celsius

36
Q

Too low of a temperature has what affect

A

membranes not fluid, affecting transporters

37
Q

Too high of a temperature has what affect

A

Membranes disintegrate and plant dies

38
Q

Activity for the photosynthesis cycle (Calvin Cycle) increase between what temperature

A

0 and 36 degrees Celcius

39
Q

Why is temperature control in glasshouses critical

A

To avoid thermal damage

40
Q

Name the most important compound in the biological world

A

Water

41
Q

Water has the greatest single influence on what in climate

A

Heat sink and source
Precipitation
Rising sea levels

42
Q

What is the role of water in plants

A

• Essential component in photosynthesis
• Responsible for turgor pressure in cells:controls growth (internal skeleton)
• Solvent for minerals and CHO movement
• Controls stomatal opening and closing
• Cools leaves via latent heat of vaporisation

43
Q

Under drought conditions do plants open or close their stomata

A

Close it

44
Q

Disadvantages of drought conditions

A

• No CO2 intake so photosynthesis stops
• No minerals brought in
via roots up through plant so so biochemical processes
cannot proceed
• Plant cannot regulate temperature so thermal damage occurs

45
Q

What causes viscosity of water to vary

A

Temperature

46
Q

When temperature INCREASES what happens to viscosity

A

It decreases

47
Q

Viscosity of H20 is how many times more great at 0 degrees as it is at 25 degrees

A

Twice as great

48
Q

Why does Cold water taken up by the plant in spring move more slowly in the vascular system than it does in summer / early autumn

A

Due to higher viscosity
The problem is when air is warm and windy

49
Q

What causes leaf scorch

A

when the soil is cold and the evaporating power of the atmosphere is high (because it contains warm dry air)

50
Q

When may leaf scorch occur

A

Early spring

51
Q

Name the central atom of Chlorphyll

A

Magnesium

52
Q

Name the MACRO nutrients

A

N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg
(NO PAUL KILLED SEAN CIAN MICHAEL)

53
Q

Name the MICRO nutrients

A

Fe, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cl, Ni
(FUNNY MAN BUYS COKE ZEBRAS MILK CAKE NAPPIES )

Botany (21 decks)

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