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CATA 263 > lecture 7: throat thorax, and visceral conditions > Flashcards

lecture 7: throat thorax, and visceral conditions Flashcards

1
Q

where are the commonly injured structures near the face

A

trachae
larynx
hyoid bone

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2
Q

when trac., larynx, and hyoid bone are contsed or fractured what is the common MOI

A

hyperextension of the neck

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3
Q

what are the expected signs and symtpoms of continous and fractures of the throat

A

edema? Difficulty breathing, bleeding, difficulty swallowing, spasmodic coughing, point tenderness, cyanosis, loss of voice

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4
Q

what happens with laryngospasm

A

patient can recover on site and still develop breathing problems later on

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5
Q

what is imporant to do with contusions and fractures of the thorat

A

monitor because swelling and bleeding is usually maximal within 6 hours but can occur as late as 48h

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6
Q

if there is an obvious deformity or sever anterior thorat trauma, what are the required management steps

A 
Maintain airway (ex: trauma jaw thrust)
Treat as a spinal injury (board, 911)
Manually re-align the trachea to maintain airway if necessary
Apply ice if appropriate
Reduce anxiety and panic attack/ shock
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7
Q

what are the visceral organs

A 
liver
stomach 
gall bladder
large and small intestine
spleen
lungs
heart
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8
Q

where do you get a stitch in the side

A

thorax/abdomen

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9
Q

what are the signs and sympoms for stich in the side./cramp

A

sharp pain or spasm in chest wall (

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10
Q

where do you usually feel the stitch in the side

A

usually in lower right side during exertion

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11
Q

what are some possible reasons for a stich in the side

A 
Trapped colonic gas bubbles
Diaphragmatic hypoxia with spasm
Liver congestion 
Poor conditioning 
Could also be due to drinking too much water or eating too much before exercising
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12
Q

explain why eating too much or drinking before exertion can cause a stitch i nthe side

A

after eating and drinking there are going to be heavier which will put strain and streth on ligaments and tendons

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13
Q

what is the management for a stich on the side

A

Forceful exhalation through lips
Forceful deep and regular breathing to focus on diaphragm
Trying to stretch away from the painful side

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14
Q

what are two common breast condition

A

contusion

nipple irritation

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15
Q

explain breast contusions

A

Excessive breast motion or direct trauma can lead to hemorrhage and edema formation
May appear similar to malignant tumour on mammogram

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16
Q

what may appear similar to malignant tumour on mammogram

A

contusions

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17
Q

what are 2 examples of nipple irritation

A 
runners nipple (friction)
cyclist nipples (wind and respiration)
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18
Q

what can you use for breast nipple irritation

A

use second skin and preventative taping for protection

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19
Q

what are red flags for thoracic injuries

A 
Shortness of breath
Deviated trachea
Axiety, fear, confusion or restlessness
Distended neck veins
Bloodshot eyes
Suspected fractures
Severe chest pain; aggravated by deep inspiration
Asynchronus/ unequal breathing or chest movement
Coughing blood
Abnormal chest sounds
Rapid but weak pulse
Low BP
cyanosis
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20
Q

why are suspected fractures a red flag for thoracic injuries

A

cause they could punture visceral organs

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21
Q

true or false: costochondral injuries are easy to injury and very hard to heal

A

they are hard to heal

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22
Q

give 2 examples of costochondral injuries

A

costochondritis and chostochrondral sprains

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23
Q

if you have a chostochondral injury where will the pain be

A

anterior and medial

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24
Q

what is the MOI of chostochondral injuries

A

collision / twists of thorax

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25
Q

what will you hear/feel witth costochondral injury

A

pop sound, sharp pain, clicking sound

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26
Q

what is a visual sign of a costochondral injury

A

assymtry

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27
Q

what is the management for a costochondral injury

A

pain management and rest. Supportive taping can help to reduce the pain but discomfort is usually felt for 3 to 12 weeks. A physician may choose to inject cortisone or local anesthesia to reduce pain.

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28
Q

what ribs are more likely to have costochondral injuries

A

frequently involves ribs 8,9,10 because they have the most cartilage connection

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29
Q

what is the most common fracture of stertnal fractures

A

rib 5-9

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30
Q

true or false: sternal fractures can cause immediate loss of breath

A

true

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31
Q

what will you feel if you have a strernal fracture

A

immediate loss of breath

localize pain and pressure over sternum

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32
Q

if there is a suspected sternal; fracture, what else should you assess

A

Cardiac contusion
Mammary vessels
Pulmonary laceration/contusion

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33
Q

what is the MOI for sternal fractures

A

high impact with object or acute flexion that can cause the top of the sternum to fracture

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34
Q

what is management for sternal fracture

A

usually non-operative unless displaced.

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35
Q

what is the MOI of rib fractures

A

direct force

muscle contractions

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36
Q

rowers and golfers get what type of rib fractures often

A

anterolateral stress frcatures

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37
Q

what ribs are most commonly injured for rowers and golfers

A

4 and 5 ribs

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38
Q

non displaced or displaced rib fractures are most common

A

non displaced

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39
Q

what do the lower ribs protect

A

spleen, pancrease, liver

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40
Q

what is the management for rib fracures

A

6 inch wrap around ribs to stavilize and reduec pain

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41
Q

what part of ribs are most susceptible for fractures

A

occurs at ribs weakest point

thereofre at the smallest diameter/where it changes direction

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42
Q

what are signs and symtpoms of rib fractures

A 
Patient leaning to the affected side
Stabilizing the area with a hand to prevent any movement
Local discoloration/ swelling/ deformity
Pain on palpation
Crepitus
Pain with deep inhalation > exhalation
Pain with trunk rotation
Shallow breathing
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43
Q

is hyperventilation considered a lung injury

A

yes

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44
Q

what is hyperventialation linked to

A

pain, stress or traums

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45
Q

what are some cuses of hyperventilation

A

Altitude, asthma, pulmonary embolus, alcohol withdrawal, anxiety or panic, CNS disorders

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46
Q

what is the characteristic of hyperventialiation

A

too much carbon dioxide being expelling

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47
Q

what is management for hyperventialtion

A

help patient to regulate the breathing

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48
Q

should you make someone who is hyperventilitated breathe from a bag

A

no , just help regulate breathing

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49
Q

what is a pneumothorax

A

air or blood trapped in pleural space causin portion of lung to collapse

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50
Q

pneumothorax can only be spontaneous

A

no it can also be traumatic

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51
Q

what are some causes of sponteanous pneumothorax

A

Cigarette smoke, pneumonia, asthma, cystic fibrosis, male gender

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52
Q

what percentage of those with a chest injury that usually get a traumatic pneumotorax

A

40-50%

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53
Q

what is the presentation of a traumatic pneumothroax

A

Deviated trachea, cyanosis, chest pain on affect side, fatigue, anxiety, restlessness, decreased BP

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54
Q

true or false: if the pneumothorax is not severe you dont have to send to hospital

A

false, you alwasys have to

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55
Q

what is management for pnemothoriax

A

Medical emegercy – 911
Help patient to stay calm and breathe slowly
Keep the patient seated if possible

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56
Q

what are the 2 types of pneumothorax

A

open and tension

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57
Q

explain open pneumothorax

A

comes from open wound
when you inhale, air comes in the cavity and compresses lung

when you exhale, ;lung pushes out the air

trachae will devitte to injured side on inhalitaion and ooption)

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58
Q

where will trachea deviate in open pneumothoriac

A

during inhalation it will deviate towards injured side

during exhalation to uninjured side

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59
Q

explain tension pneumothorax

A

air will continue to accumulate without escaping

trachae always remains displaced to injured side

60
Q

where does trachae deviate in tension pneumo.

A

towards injured side

61
Q

what is the MOI of cardiac tamponade

A

direct trauma

62
Q

what is cardiac tamponade

A

a build up of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac whoch puts pressure on the heart and may prevent it from pumping efficiently

63
Q

where does a cardiac tamponade compress

A

compress haard ebtween sternum and spine

64
Q

what is the leading cause of traumatic death in youth basemball

A

cardiac tamponade

65
Q

in a heart contusion, what structure is usually injured

A

right ventricle

66
Q

what does a heart contusion cause

A

Decreased circulation to heart muscles
Can lead to necrosis of heart tissue
Can lead to cardiac arrest in certain cases

67
Q

true or false: athleteitc heart syndrome is common

A

true

68
Q

what is athletic heart syndrom

A

Benign condition associated with physiological changes to the heart muscle via intensive physical training

69
Q

what is assocaited with atheletic heart syndrome

A

Left ventricular enlargement, increased wall thickness, increases left ventricular mass that leads to maximal stroke volume and cardiac output

70
Q

true or false and explain: atheletic heart syndrome is mainly asymptomatic

A

true but they also may have bradycardia (30-40 beats, sinus arrythm(

71
Q

what can athletic heart syndrome be a sign of

A

hyperttrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

it is genetic where heart grows too fast

72
Q

what is the most common cause of cardiac youth arrest

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

73
Q

what is a heart murmur most often caused by

A

defective heart valves

74
Q

what is aortic stenosis

A

valve unable to open complete;y

too rigid

75
Q

what is aortic regurgitation

A

blood leakes backwards

=too lose

76
Q

what are two examples of conditions of defective hert valves

A

aortic stenosis and regurgitation

77
Q

what are some signs you will hear with heart murmur

A

clicking, whooshing, swishing

78
Q

what is the management of heart conditions

A

help patient stay calm
treat for shock (blanket, o2, calm, reassure)
be prepared for CPR in case of cardiac arrest

79
Q

what is the fancy name for wind knocked out

A

solar plexus contusion

80
Q

what is MOI of solar plexus contusion

A

blow to abdomen with muscles relaxed

81
Q

what is the cause of solar plexus contusion

A

Thought to be caused by diaphragmatic spasm and transient contusion of the sympathetic celiac plexus

82
Q

what is the managment of solar plexus contusion

A

keep the breath in, bring knees to the chest and try to regulate breathing.

83
Q

why bring knees to chest in solar plexus contusion

A

it pushes the organs on diaphram to force exhalattion

84
Q

what are hernias

A

Protrusion of the abdominal viscera through a weakened portion of the abdominal wall

85
Q

what are the hernias AT eal with the most

A

acquired

86
Q

how to get acquired hernias

A

Direct blow, strain or abnormal abdominal pressure (heavy lifting)

87
Q

true or false: you do not need to refer with hernias

A

flalse ypu do because they probably need surgery

88
Q

what is the recovery period of an athelte before returning to conntact sports after hernia

A

8-10 weeks

89
Q

what are the 3 most common types of hernias

A

femoral
umbiliac
inguinal

90
Q

if you have BLANK you are more at risk of splenic rupture

A

infectious mononeclosis because they enlarge organ

91
Q

if you have mono, how long are you out from sports

A

3 weeks

92
Q

what is the most commonly injuried abdominal organ in sport

A

spleen

93
Q

true or false and why: spleens do not lose blood rapidly

A

false, they do beacuse they are filled with alot of blood

94
Q

what does the spleen do that is good for recovery

A

it splints itse;f

=delayed hemmorage

95
Q

what is the reffered pain for splenic rupture

A

kehrs sign

pain in upper L quad, L lower chest and L shoulder

96
Q

kehr is present in what ercentage of splenic ruptures

A

kehrs sign 60

97
Q

what is management of splenic rupture

A

surgery may be required. If the conservative approach is chosen; strict bed rest, additional immunization meds, return to sport after 3 months.

98
Q

what can enlarge the liver

A

spleen and systematic disorders

99
Q

if you have hepititus you are more or less at risk of liver contusion/rupture

A

more at risk

100
Q

if you have a liver rupture where is the reffered pain

A

to inferior angle of right scapula

101
Q

the appendix is where

A

extending from cecum (part of intensine)

102
Q

what gives you an inflammed appendix

A

cobstructed (hardened fecal material), leading to bacterial growth and pus formation

103
Q

how many days prior to you get abdomnial pain prior to inittal presentation of appendicitus

A

2-7 days

104
Q

where is the mcburneys point

A

1/3rd distance between ASIS and imbilicus

105
Q

pain at mcburneys point is a common sign of

A

appendicitis

106
Q

what organs make up the urinary system

A

kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra

107
Q

which organ is very vulnerable in ocntact sports and why

A

kidneys because they are located near back

108
Q

whatt are the MOI for kidney contusions

A

direct trauma or contrecoup (kidneys bouncing around)

109
Q

what are some signs of kidney contusion

A

pain, tenderness, hematuria

110
Q

where is reffered pain for kidney contusion

A

Pain posterolateral back, sides of buttocks and anteriorly to the lower abdomen

111
Q

explain kidney stone

A

Some substances filtered by kidneys have tendency to form crystals, can break off and travel to ureter and eventually to bladder

112
Q

what are some causes of kidney stones

A

High protein and low fiber diet, inadequate water intakes, living a sedentary life, one kidney, family history, chronic urinary tract infections

113
Q

signs and symtpoms of kidney stones

A

Intense sudden pain in back below ribs, moves anterior to groin, bloody or cloudy urine, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills

114
Q

how do you get rid of kidney stones

A

you will just pee it out (doctors may use shockwaves to break it up)

115
Q

where do urintary tract infections start

A

infection that starts in urinary ssytem

116
Q

are UTI serious

A

yes if spreads to kidney

117
Q

what is the main bacterial of UTI

A

escheriachia coli (it ascends from the urinary tract from the urethra)

118
Q

UTI can be caused by what

A

sexually transmitted oeganisms

119
Q

whos at greater risk of UTI and how much more

A

women 10x

120
Q

why are women more at risk

A

shorter urethra

sexually active

121
Q

why are sexally active women at greater risk

A

sexual intercouese transfers bacteria from urethra to bladder

122
Q

what can you do to prevent uti

A

go pee after sex

123
Q

what is management for UTI

A

urinary lab tests to identify the infection source + antibiotics medication.

124
Q

what is hematuria

A

blood in urine

125
Q

what are the causes of hematuria

A

Direct kidney injury, bladder contusion, UTI, drug or medication use, “march” or foot strike hemolysis, infection, sickle cell disease, rhabdomyolysis

126
Q

what is proteinura

A

protein in urine

127
Q

what organ filters blood

A

kidneys

128
Q

what are sme causes of proteinuria

A

Dehydration, heat related illness, fever, emotional stress, inflammatory conditions, high protein diets, diabetes

129
Q

excessive protein in urine may indicate what

A

early signs of renal disease

130
Q

penile injuries are affected by what superfical wounds

A

contusion, abraision, lacerationn, avulsion, or penetrating wound

131
Q

why do cysts on penile develop and give example

A

develop by pressure on pudental nerve

ex: cyclists

132
Q

what is hydrocele

A

swelling in tunica vaginalis

=blood accumulattion in scrotum

133
Q

what is management for hydrocele

A

these conditions are usually causing testicular spasms. Place the patient on their back with the knees to their chest. Ice can be used.

134
Q

what is varicocele

A

Plexus of veins on the posterior testicle can become engorged (a bag of worms)
Describes as a bag of worms adjacent to the testicle and cord

135
Q

what is testicular torsion

A

Variations in testicular suspension can cause rotational twisting of the vascular pedicle and spermatic cord
Causing circulatory compromise

136
Q

true or falseL=: testicular torsion can only be traumatic

A

false, also congenital

137
Q

when is testicular torsion normally seen and what are the symtpmts

A

Typically seen around puberty, manifesting itself after physical activity
Rapid or gradual groin pain, sometimes nausea, vomiting

138
Q

recovery is nearly 100% if testicular torsion is corrected within how many hours

A

6-8 hours

139
Q

what is the issue with having testicualr torsion/twisted spermatic cord

A

compresses vascularity and nerves

comprmosies them

140
Q

a scrotal mass can be indicative of what

A

testicular cancer

141
Q

what is the signs if scrotal mass

A

dragging, heaviness in lower abdomen and orgin

142
Q

true or false; you need to refer for a scrotal mass

A

true

143
Q

injuries to vulva are usually caused by what and give examples

A

caused by trauma associated with a fall, straddling, penetration
Biking, skiing, horse back riding, sledding, water skiing

144
Q

can you get hematoma in vulve

A

yes from trauma

145
Q

what is pubic symphesis injury and what can it lead to

A

when the caritclage disk is subjected to friction and inflammation

leads to osteitis pubis

146
Q

what is the maangement for female genitalia injuries

A

Management: ice, compression and bed rest when applicable

CATA 263 (17 decks)

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