lecture 7: Marae

Question 1

lapita culture

Answer 1

• archaeology confirms proto-austronesians intentionally explored the remote pacific
• their reach extended much further into the “east” with continued cultural development
• ancestors of Maori (and other people in the pacific region)

Question 2

development of marae

Answer 2

• further exploration east = marae begin to appear
• formal structures proposed for celestial navigation
• island based constants to fix latitude while at sea
• 30 generations ago developed into highly ritualised spaces

Question 3

taputapuatea (at Ra’iatea)

Answer 3

• early original marae
• used as a point of departure
• a point to turn to after exploring and communicate knowledge to the people who were there
• chants were used here to communicate knowledge which have been preserved and passed down through many generations

Question 4

marae upon arriving to Aotearoa and Te Waipounamu

Answer 4

• complex social spaces, governed by traditional practices
• communities within which kin lived - Pa, pa kainga, papa kainga
• marae were the most important spaces (very public)
• marae is a space of chiefly authority

Question 5

whats a ceremonial courtyard called

Answer 5

marae atea

Question 6

where are rangatira in regards to marae atea

Answer 6

in close proximity

Question 7

Marae atea

Answer 7

= courtyard, public forum
- central to the pa
- provided a space to wananga and communicate knowledge about eg: whakapapa, tikanga

Question 8

wananga

Answer 8

to meet and discuss

Question 9

tuahu

Answer 9

• hidden away from general view
• remained a place of tapu
• tohunga

Question 10

key difference in term of tuahu and marae atea in modern marae

Answer 10

seperation

Question 11

how did maraes change with european arrival

Answer 11

• many marae communities moved to areas to conveniently access port locations
• strategic = economic opportunities, engage with outside world
• marae used as a political hub
  eg: Bay of islands, whaling and sealing stations

Question 12

hapu

Answer 12

= political powerhouse of te ao maori
- multiple hapu
- kinship
- make decisions and engage with outsiders

Question 13

how are marae used as sites to practice tikanga Maori

Answer 13

• te ao Maori (and traditional maori society) governed by tikanga
• ceremonies and rituals
• powhiri
• takiaue/tangihanga/hui mate
• wananga/hui (ritual debate and discussion)

Question 14

marae as sites of tapu

Answer 14

• managed by kuamatua (elderly)
• highly ritualised space and traditional practices
• set aside for specific purposes

Question 15

turangawaewae

Answer 15

a place to stand

Question 16

significance of marae

Answer 16

• connection to tupuna and whanaunga (whakapapa and whanaungatanga)
• connection to place and whenua = land
• important ceremonial rituals
• vessel/repository for ancient and traditional knowledge (s)
• site for cultural resistance

Question 17

ahi ka

Answer 17

keeping your right to occupy a particular place

Question 18

tupuna

Answer 18

ancestors, grandparents

Question 19

whanaunga

Answer 19

relative, relation, kin

Question 20

marae as sites of cultural resistance

Answer 20

• te reo maori
• tikanga maori
• “the last bastion”
• be spoken and practised in its safest place, purest form

Question 21

urban and pan tribal marae

Answer 21

• urban centres
• a result of urbanisation, cultural displacement and disconnection
• reaffirm a sense of identity outside ones triabal territory
• connection to marae is also a connection to land and heritage

Question 22

diaspora

Answer 22

the dispersion of people from their original homeland