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Maori > lecture 10: the meeting of people > Flashcards

lecture 10: the meeting of people Flashcards

1
Q

crossing the pae: first encounters

A
  • following cooks pacific explorations (1770s), european strangers cross the pae in 1790s to pewhairangi (Bay of islands) and te ara-a-kiwa (foveaux strait)
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1
Q

what do maori call european visitors

A

tangata kei (strangers)
maitai (from sea)
tangata tupua (goblin people)
takata pora (ship people)
tangata pakeha

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2
Q

whaling in NZ

A
  • whalers from NSW at pewhairangi from 1790s for repairs and supplies
  • some new england whalers follow in 1800s; far more in 1830s: Maori provide provisions and recruits
  • temporary cessation: after 1809, utu against Boyd; 1812-14 US-UK war
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3
Q

sealing in NZ

A

1792- NZW sealing gang at Tamatea (dusky sound) but unsuccessful
1800s- american and australian sealers in NZ, industry takes off
1806- one ship, favourite (from Nantucket) lands 60,000 pelts in sydney
1809- isle of wright off st clair beach: 8 man sealing gang take 2000 skins over 20 weeks
1810- in one one week 100,000 pounds of skins landed at port jackson (sydney) = 2023 US $10.5 mill
1829- first shore whaling station begins
1840- there are about 20 stations in Te Waipounamu and lower North island

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4
Q

who do southern sealing stations operate under

A

Tuhawaiki and Taiaroa, Ngai Tahu rangatira

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5
Q

Map of NZ by Tuki-tahua 1793

A
  • tuki is kidnapped and brought to norfolk island with Huru-Kokoti to teach convicts how to make rope from Harakeke (unsuccessful bc it is womens knowledge)
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6
Q

forming relationships : Tuki, Huru and King

A
  • they live with Philip Gidly King, commandant of Norfolk island
  • king initiates reciprocal relationships with te tai tokerau (northland) rangatira, giving presents including potato
  • As NSW governor King hosts visiting rangatira, issues proclamations to protect Maori sailors ill-used by ship captains
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7
Q

forming relationships: Te Pahi, rangatira.

A
  • 1805 Te Pahi and his sons, from Pewhairangi, visit Governor king in port jackson, exchanging gifts to establish relationships
  • meets samuel marsden, NSW principal chaplain who begins to contemplate a christain mission to NZ
  • Te Pahi provides food as manaaki (hospitality) to visiting ships in pewhairangi
  • in 1810 he is killed by ship lynch mob who mistakenly thought he killed the crew of boyd
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8
Q

changes in Pewhairangi: bay of islands

A
  • between 1770s-1826 hapu (belonging to Ngapuhi) take over
  • these formed 2 clusters of opposing hapu: Hongis alliance in north pewhairangi vs southern based alliance
    –> competed for access to pakeha material wealth and missionaries
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9
Q

what happens in 1830

A

northern alliance takes Kororareka (Russell), main site of Maori Pakeha interactions

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10
Q

forming relationships: Te Waipounamu

A
  • Karetai, a rangatira attracted Pakeha to settle by marrying them to kinswomen
  • caused rapid growth in Ngai Tahu communities around Otago harbour: 1823, 2 villages; 1826, 5 with more in wider area
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11
Q

maori seafarers

A
  • between 1820-1840 there were hundreds of young Maori men serving in deep sea whalers
  • common sights in sydney and hobart between 1820s and 1850s
  • introduced pakeha tech and work methods to whanau
  • by 1840 the whaleboat = dominant form of transport
  • maori seafarers and travellers became interpreters for their communities
    Maori interpretes = Tuai or Tui (Ngare Raumati), Ruatara, Maui (southern Ngapuhi)
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12
Q

what were pakeha maori

A
  • foreigners who became part of a Maori community
  • married into rangatiras whanau
  • acted an interpreters
  • advised rangatira in trading relationships with Pakeha
    eg: John Rutherford (1828)
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13
Q

example of pakeha- Maori
james and te wai heberley

A
  • james worked at te awaiti shore whaling station in 1830 and married Te Wai from Te Ati Awa
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14
Q

role of women in multicultural marriages

A
  • women acted as cultual mediators between pakeha husbands and institutions (like whaling stations) and their own communities
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15
Q

Ngai tahu stats

A
  • Ngai tahu with a european partent (1860) 25 percent, 1880 60 percent
  • mixed descent offspring had high birth rate
  • later generations of offspring of Ngai Tahu women became part of Pakeha communities
  • later generations of mixed descent men married back into ngai tahu
16
Q

Maori leaders: Hongi Hika of Ngapuhi

A
  • in 1820 he visited Britain to obtain weapons and seek utu against other iwi
  • 1818-1827 Hongi led large taua (war parties) from te tai tokerau south, beating
    –> Ngati paoa and ngati Maru in 1821
    –> waikato tainui 1823
    –> te arawa in 1823
    –> Ngati whatua in 1825
  • from 1822 Hongi initiated peace overtures including strategic inter tibal marriages with Waikato
17
Q

what changes the map of aotearoa

A

consequential tribal migrations

18
Q

Hongi Hika other leadership qualities

A

ariki (ritual), tohunga in carving, agriculturalist, loving husband

19
Q

who is Turikatuku

A

Hongi Hika principal wife and his military adviser and tohunga

20
Q

Maori leaders: Te Rauparaha of Ngati Toa Rangatira

A

1821 - Waikato Ngati Maniapoto push out Te Rauparaha and allies from Kawhia
- they migrate south to kapiti coast
1824-1833 various tribal migrations of allies to settle Kapiti-Manawatu area

21
Q

leadership demonstrates multiple roles of rangatira including

A

warrior, strategist, diplomat, orator, farmer, artist and performer

22
Q

story of Te Rauparaha and Ngai Tahu

A
  • te rauparaha attacks Ngai Tahu as utu after he is cursed (lessening his mana) and captures Kaikoura pa
    1830- hire stewart of Elizabeth to kidnap upoko ariki (head of chiefs), Tamaiharanui who is killed as utu for death of te rauparaha’s tuakana
    1832- he takes kaiapoi and other pa at Akaroa
    –> 25% of Ngai Tahu are killed or captured
    –> many migrate southwards to Otago and Murihiku regions
23
Q

Maori leaders: Te Matenga Taiaroa of Ngai Tahu

A

taiaroa = one of ngai tahu leaders in 1830s and 1840s
Ngai tahu fightback during 1830s:
- under tuhawaiki they nearly capture te Rauparaha
- defeat te Rauparahas allies in 1830s including te puoho of ngati tama
- peace reestablished 1839 after ngati toa release kaiapoi chiefs
invite Christian missionaries into their rohe in 1940s

24
Q

Maori leaders: Te Wherowhero of waikato-tainui

A
  • leader of tainui
  • educated in whare wananga, warrior and strategist who by 1840s is recognised by Maori and pakeha leaders as one of NZ preeminent ariki (high chief)
  • leads fightback against Ngapuhi
    1831-1834 leads large taua attacking taranaki as allies of Te Rauparaha (causing many people to migrate south to Wellington and Chatham islands)
  • he protects Ngati Whatua who move to Waikato
  • reestablishes peace by 1844
    1827-1830 he shelters Ngati maru
25
Q

Te Kakapai, a te ati awa women, 1840

A

Ngati Kahungunu under pressure from Taranaki and other migrants, fights back leading to peace settlement

26
Q

impact of conflict and muskets

A
  • in response to various conflicts iwi seek to buy muskets between 1810s-1830s
  • development of new economy based on extensive use of war captives as workers
27
Q

effects of disease

A
  • Ngai Tahu population drops by about 50 per cent between 1829-1844
  • In Te Ika-a-Maui = 27 deaths per 1000 Maori
  • impact of STD on fertility of Maori women: lower birth numbers (4.5-5.5)
28
Q

Maori religion

A
  • engagement with christianity always reflected Maori aims and intentions
  • Christianity became indigenised
  • Maori also experimented with fusions of traditional beliefs and old testament ideas, including identification of Maori as the Hurai, the Jews, of the modern world
29
Q

Maori land loss

A
  • in pewhairangi there is increased land speculation in 1830s
  • CMS missionaries purchase 63,198 acres for their families
  • land gifting: mana whenua with Maori while pakeha have use right
    1850s = land becomes absolute possession, dispossessing local Maori from their best lands in places like Kerikeri
30
Q

maori literacy

A
  • an outcome of Hongi Hikas 1820 visit to england with thomas kendall and the rangatira, waikato was completion of A grammar and vocabularu of the language of NZ by Samuel Lee
  • this laid foundations for written maori
  • maori utilised literacy for their own ends
  • literacy taught by missions to enable reading of the bible in Maori

Maori (23 decks)

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