lecture 15: 1881-1918

Question 1

What was the Kotahitanga Movement?

Answer 1

• formed in 1882 by iwi who did not support the kingitanga
• emerged from a hui held at Waitangi in 1881 by merging two groups from Kohimarama on the one hand and Whanganui, rotorua, the east coast and Ngapuhi on the other hand
• they worked with some members of the hosue of representatives expecially James Carroll to persuade premier Seddon and the liberal government to underake experiments in self government between 1900 and 1905
• established a newsletter known as Huia Tangata Kotahi in 1893 and Te Puke ki Hikurangi in 1897

Question 2

What were the newspapers distributed by the Kīngitanga?

Answer 2

• Te Paki o Matariki

Question 3

What was the Parihaka movement and who were its leaders?

Answer 3

• Maori continued to live on their lands that were confiscated, one area being Parihaka
  Leaders= Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kakahi both of the Taranaki and Te Ati Awa iwi

Question 4

Who were the Young Māori Party and what were their main objectives in
Parliament?

Answer 4

• a group of young professionals at the Anglican boarding school, Te Aute college in Hawkes Bay
• association for the amelioration of the condition of the Maori race acted as a kind of ginger group to challenge the influence of older, traditional leaders while keeping the government honest and elevating the status of their own people
  –> most famous members
• Apirana Ngata
• Te Rangi Hiroa (or Peter Buck)
• Maui Pomare

Question 5

What is Ngata-ism and what is Rātana-ism?

Answer 5

Ngata-ism
Māori working within the establishment for incremental change
Ratana-ism
(Māori working outside the establishment for revolutionary change) -> viewed as unrealistic pipe dreams by the other maori at the time

Question 6

Who is Rua Kēnana and what is he known for?

Answer 6

• a prophet, who emerged out of the ringatu tradition in the remote ureweea district and established a thriving community at the sacred tuhoe mountain
• Rua adopted the mantle of becoming a great, charismatic leader who succeed Te Kooti
• he had visions including
  –> archangel gabriel led him to an enormous diamond that would allows maori to buy back all the land owned by pakeha
  – prophesied that on 12th of april King Edward VII would come to negotiate
• he grew more popular due to resisting liberal attempts to buy up Tuhoe land

Question 7

What were the challenges?

Answer 7

–> 5th Novemebr 1881
- PM hall sends 1600 troops to invade parihaka
- women raped and men transported to south island
- other taranaki settlements raided
–> king country
- bryce demands that the king country be opened up for development including roads and railways through the tainui and ngati maniapoto lands
- government devides tainui and ngati maniapoto resulting in further maori land loss
–> officious collection of taxes remained a sore point with most iwi

Question 8

Were these challenges a continuation from
the earlier time period, pre-1881?

Answer 8

• yes majority of the challenges are about the continued loss of Maori land

Question 9

What were Māori responses to these
challenges?

Answer 9

–> Hori Kerei Taiaroa
1879-1881, 1885-1905
legislative council
- petitions governments for the reserves
–> Maori land claims commission in 1891
- set up to investigate long standing issues about Native land
- other than change laws about Maori land, nothing in substance is done

Question 10

Were Māori effective in politics and in what
way?

Answer 10

• maori called for reform and fine tuning of the system but their voice carried less electoral weight than that of land hungry settlers
• maori concerns were sent to the british parliament, the king and the privy council in London but to no avail

Question 11

What role did Māori play during WWI?

Answer 11

• the issue of Maori enlistment became significant from many points of view
• while his fathers adoption of the pacifist pai Marire religion was contrary to arguments in favour of Maori serving in the army, te ratas hesitation about the issue was politically rather than religiously motivated and was indicative of the powerlessness of maori in the face of machinations of empire and state
• 2227 maori were enlisted to fight =20% of maori men of military age
• fought in main battles such as gallipoli

Question 12

What were the significant events that
resulted from the influenza epidemic?

Answer 12

• King Tawhiaos granddaughter, te puea kirihaehae herangi infuriated the government by opposing the enlistment of tainui men, became a leader of Kingitanga
• further west a new prophetic leader also emerged from the crisis induced by the flu in the form of Tahupotiki wiremu ratana

Question 13

what were the names of Ruas meeting houses

Answer 13

• Hiona
• Hiruharama Hou