lecture 22: changes in maori language education

Question 1

What is the history of the Māori language
since the introduction of European
schooling?

Answer 1

currently:
- in 2022 23% of the Maori population said they spoke te reo maori as their first language
- this is up from 17% in 2018
- in 1900 95% of maori were fluent in te reo
- the decline in te reo maori is more pronounced among maori children
history:
- from 1814 the missonaries tried to define and write the sounds of the maori language

Question 2

What are the challenges these schools
presented for Māori?

Answer 2

• due to assimilation of te reo maori from 1900-1960 the proportion of maori fluent in te reo went from 95%-25%

Question 3

How has the teaching of Māori language in
the New Zealand school system changed over
time?

Answer 3

• the first mission school is set up by thomas kendall in 1816 in the bay of islands
• all lessons were in te reo using a bible which had been translated into te reo
• 1847= education ordinance, schools were only paid if they taught their curriculum in english
• native schools act 1867 = replace the mission schools with maori village schools where the use of maori language is still discouraged
• native schools, 1867-1969 =
  the curriculum was to include english language and children were forbidden from speaking te reo and were punished
  1979- te ataarangi maori language classes being (for adults)

Question 4

What initiatives did Māori introduce to
revive the Māori language within the
education system and wider society?

Answer 4

• in 1972 Nga Tamatoa and te reo maori society present a 30,000 signature petition to parliament calling for the inclusion of maori language in schools
• te reo is made an offical language in 1987 through the maori language act

Question 5

What are current methods of Māori language
revitalisation?

Answer 5

–> ZePA
- a model for maori language revitalisation
- developed by professor rawinia higgins and emeritus professor poia rewi
three critical positions of receptivity to the maori langauge:
zero = opposed to maori language
passive= accommodates the maori language and does not restrict its use
active = actively strives to advance the maori language in all areas

• another maori language act is passed in 2016, one of its primary functions was setting up te matawai (to provide leadership on behalf of iwi and maori regarding the health of the maori language)

Question 6

when is the first maori language week held

Answer 6

1975

Question 7

te kohanga reo

Answer 7

• maori language preschools for young children
• total immersion in maori language

Question 8

kura

Answer 8

maori full immersion schools, years 0-13

Question 9

Identify some of the different Māori language education initiatives

Answer 9

–> te kohanga reo (preschools)
- opened their first centre in 1981
–> early childhood level maori immersion language nests
–>kura kaupapa maori (KMM)
maori language immersion schools
–> Te Ataarangi (1979)
- language based conversational maori language programme for adults

Question 10

What do the parts of the ZePA model stand for?

Answer 10

Model of maori language revitalisation
1. zero = you make a negative contribution to te reo maori or are indifferent to it
2. passive= you may have no opinion on the value of te reo and are not involved in its use but nor do you restrict its use around you)
3. active (active in the use of te reo)

Question 11

strategies endorsed by cabinet in 2014

Answer 11

1. increase the status of the maori language in nz society
2. increasing the number of whanau maori and other nz who can speak maori
3. increasing critical awareness about maori language revitalisation
4. supporting the quality and appropriate use of the maori language and iwi dialect maintenance
5. increasing the use of the maori language among whanau maori and other new zealanders especially in the home